Hydraulic Fracturing Explained

* Dedication* Foreword* Preface * Acknowledgments* List of Figures* List of Tables* Nomenclature * Acronyms/Abbreviations* Symbols* Greek Letters* CHAPTER 1. Hydraulic Fracturing Explained *1.1 Introduction*1.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbons*1.3 Petroleum Reserves in Shale*1.4 Petroleum Demand*1.5 Achieving Production of Hydrocarbons to Meet Demand*1.6 Hydraulic Fracturing*1.7 Environmental Issues Related to Hydraulic Fracturing* CHAPTER 2. Evaluation of Gas-Shale Formations *2.1 Sedimentary Formations*2.2 Shale Formations*2.3 Multistage Fractures*2.4 Fracture Design (Frac-Implementation)*2.5 Well Design from Surface to Reservoir*2.6 Gas-Shale Reservoir Characterization*2.7 Gamma-Ray Well-Log*2.8 Density/Neutron Log*2.9 Use of Seismic Data* CHAPTER 3. Rock Mechanics of Fracturing *3.1 Introduction*3.2 Young's Modulus of Elasticity (E)*3.3 Poisson's Ratio (v)*3.4 Bulk Modulus (KB)*3.5 Shear Modulus (G)*3.6 Effective Stress*3.7 Mohr Stress Diagram*3.8 Initiation of Fractures*3.9 Propping the Fracture Open* CHAPTER 4. Fracture Fluids *4.1 Introduction*4.2 Oil-Based Fracturing Fluids*4.3 Water-Based Frac-Fluids*4.4 Alcohol-based Frac-fluids*4.5 Acid Frac-Fluid*4.6 Foams*4.7 "Slick-Water"*4.8 Surfactants*4.9 Clay Stabilizers*4.10 Temperature Stabilizers*4.11 Fluid-Loss Additives*4.12 Viscosity Breakers*4.13 Biocides*4.14 Buffers*4.15 Frac-Fluid Preparation*4.16 Conclusion* CHAPTER 5. Field Implementation of Hydraulic Fracturing *5.1 Introduction*5.2 Protecting Groundwater*5.3 Waste Water Management in Hydraulic Fracture*5.4 Fresh Water Management in Hydraulic Fracturing*5.5 Reducing Surface Disturbance*5.6 Controlling Noise, Lighting, and Traffic at Fracturing Job Sites*5.7 Technical Considerations for the Success of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments*5.8 Case Studies of Hydraulic Fracturing* CHAPTER 6. Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing *6.1 Surface and Subsurface Environmental Effects*6.2 Water Withdrawals*6.3 Surface Spills*6.4 Wastewater Management*6.5 Air Emissions*6.6 Water Impoundments*6.7 Human Health Impacts*6.8 Where to Get Toxicity Information*6.9 Chemicals Present In Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid*6.10 Chemicals Present in Flow-Back Fluids*6.11 Regulations for Protecting the Environment*6.12 Regulations Currently Applicable* APPENDIX A. Viscosity * A.1 Power-Law Fluids* APPENDIX B. Surfactants, Emulsions, Gels, Foams * B.1 Surfactants* B.2 Emulsions* B.3 Foams* APPENDIX C. Calculations * C.1 Subsurface Overburden and Horizontal Stress* C.2 Fracture Initiation Pressure* C.3 Fracture Propagation Pressure* C.4 Matrix Permeability* C.5 Fracture Size* C.6 Rock Matrix Mechanical Properties* C.7 Summary* Glossary* References* Index