Human-Environment Interactions

Contents: 1. Urbanization and Sustainability: The 'Why' and 'How' of Linking Urban Ecology, Environmental Justice, and Global Environmental Change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Progress so Far: A Landscape of Thematic Linkages 1.3 Towards a Synthesis 1.4 Structure of the Book 1.5 References 2. What is a City? An Essential Definition for Sustainability 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Urban Definitions and Perspectives in the Social Science Literature 2.2.1 The City as an Entity 2.2.2 The City as a Quality 2.3 The Definition of Urban in the Environmental Change Literature 2.4 New Trends in the Urban Ecosystem Literature 2.5 Conclusion 2.6 References 3. Ecology and Environmental Justice: Understanding Disturbance Using Ecological Theory 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Components of Environmental Justice 3.3. Nature and Sources of Just Allocation 3.4. Opportunities to Link Ecological Theory with Environmental Justice 3.5. Spatially Heterogeneous Response and Ecological Effects of Stress and Disturbance 3.6 Environmental Injustice Persists 3.7. Theory Remembers 3.8. Conclusions 3.9 References 4. Connecting Environmental Justice, Sustainability, and Vulnerability 4.1. Introduction 4.2. An Evolving Environmental Justice 4.3. Opportunities for Convergence 4.4. Vulnerability Science as a Bridge 4.5. Perspectives and Integration 4.6. Conclusions 4.7 References 5. Urban Ecology and Nature's Services Infrastructure: Policy Implications of the Million Trees Initiative of the City of Los Angeles 5.1. Introduction 5.2. The Rise of Ecosystem Services as Green Urban Infrastructure 5.3. From the Sanitary to the Sustainable City 5.4. Equity, Economy, and Governmental Services 5.5. Los Angeles Million Trees 5.6. Serious Sustainability 5.7. The Challenges of Shifting from a Sanitary City to a Sustainable City 5.8. Conclusion 5.9 References 6. Risky Business: Cap-and-Trade, Public Health, and Environmental Justice 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Data and Methods 6.2.1 Preparing Facility Data 6.2.2 Linking in Neighborhood Characteristics 6.3. Results 6.3.1 Existing Patterns of Environmental Inequity in Proximity to GHG Facilities 6.3.2 Environmental Inequity in Emissions Burdens from GHG Facilities 6.3.3 Measuring the Gap in Emissions Burdens 6.3.4 Which Sectors are Driving the Pattern of Disparity? 6.4. Conclusion: Implications for Policy and Research 6.5 References 7. Urbanization, Environmental Justice and Social-Environmental Vulnerability in Brazil 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Landscape Changes and Population Dynamic: A Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Curitiba Between 1986 and 2000 (Case 1) 7.3 Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region (Case 2) 7.4 Vulnerability to Floods in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region: Human Dimensions, Conflicts and Urban Landscape Changes (Case 3) 7.5 The Impacts of Sea Level Rise Associated with Heavy Rains in the Plains and Hillsides of Rio De Janeiro City (Case 4) 7.6 Discussion 7.7 References 8. Environmental Inequality in Sao Paulo City: An Analysis of Dif-Ferential Exposure of Social Groups to Situations of Environmental Risk 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Urban Sprawl, Environmental Inequality and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Sao Paulo Metropolis: A Brief Review of the Literature 8.3 Methodology 8.4 Increase in Environmental Inequality for Sao Paulo: Differential Population Growth of the Social Groups Exposed to Situations of Environmental Risk 8.5 Association Between Disadvantaged Socioeconomic Condition and Environmental Risk in Sao Paulo 8.6 Discussion 8.7 Concluding Remarks 8.8 References 9. Climate Change Adaptation and Socio-Ecological Justice in Chile's Metropolitan Areas: The Role of Spatial Planning Instruments 9.1. Introduction: Adaptation as a Socio-Ecological Challenge 9.2. The Economic Imperative: The Chilean Response to Climate Change 9.3. Old Wine, New Bottles: Climate Change Vulnerability as Socio-Ecological Justice 9.4. From Silos to Systems: Prioritizing the Role of Existing Spatial Planning Instruments 9.5. Metropolitan Experiences of Localized Adaptation for Vulnerability Reduction 9.5.1 Antofagasta: Distributing the Costs of the Water Deficit 9.5.2 Valparaiso: A History of Precarious Settlement and Land-Slide Risk 9.5.3 Greater Concepcion: Creating Flood Risk Through Urban Expansion 9.6. Conclusion: The 'Re-Centering' of Metropolitan Climate Change Adaptation in Chile 9.7 References 10. Double Exposure in the Sunbelt: The Sociospatial Distribution of Vulnerability in Phoenix, Arizona 10.1 Introduction 10.2. Constructing Environmental Injustice in the Urban Core 10.3. Suburban Expansion, "Sunbelt Apartheid," and the Foreclosure Crisis 10.4. Water and Growth 10.5. Shifting Sociospatial Patterns of Vulnerability 10.6 Conclusions 10.7 References 11. Climate Change, Urban Flood Vulnerability and Responsibility in Taipei 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Geography and Vulnerability of Taipei 11.3. Urban Flood Control and Land Use Planning in Greater Taipei 11.3.1 A History of Flood Control Measures 11.3.2 Land Use Regulations 11.3.3 Minimal Coordination Between Land Use and Other Sectors 11.4. Land Use, Institutions, and Vulnerability to Floods 11.5. National and Local Climate Change Policies of Taiwan 11.6. Conclusion 11.7 References Index