| Preface | p. xiii |
| Contributors | p. xv |
| Overview of HPLC Method Development for Pharmaceuticals | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Theoretical Considerations | p. 2 |
| HPLC Columns and Column Packings | p. 2 |
| Column Selection | p. 3 |
| Chiral Separations | p. 3 |
| Contemporary HPLC | p. 4 |
| Hyphenated Methods | p. 5 |
| Sample Preparation | p. 5 |
| Instrument Qualification and Software Validation | p. 6 |
| Pharmaceutical Development | p. 6 |
| Drug Discovery | p. 7 |
| Early Phase Method Development | p. 8 |
| Late Phase Development | p. 8 |
| In-Process Testing | p. 9 |
| Method Development for Biomolecules | p. 9 |
| Method Validation | p. 10 |
| Troubleshooting | p. 10 |
| Molecularly Imprinted Polymers | p. 10 |
| References | p. 11 |
| HPLC Theory | |
| Abstract | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Basic Chromatographic Descriptors | p. 14 |
| Efficiency | p. 15 |
| Resolution | p. 20 |
| Main Components of the Retention Mechanism | p. 22 |
| General Column Mass Balance | p. 24 |
| Partitioning Model | p. 27 |
| Adsorption Model | p. 28 |
| Void Volume Considerations | p. 29 |
| Thermodynamic Relationships | p. 31 |
| Secondary Equilibria | p. 35 |
| Salt Effect | p. 37 |
| Effect of Different Counteranions | p. 38 |
| Inclusion of Secondary Equilibria in the Mass Balance | p. 40 |
| Conclusions | p. 43 |
| References | p. 43 |
| HPLC Columns and Packings | |
| Abstract | p. 45 |
| Introduction | p. 46 |
| Column Chemistry | p. 47 |
| Speed and Resolution | p. 68 |
| Specialty Columns from Nanobore to Preparative Chromatography | p. 77 |
| Summary | p. 80 |
| References | p. 80 |
| Column Characterization and Selection | |
| Abstract | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 86 |
| Characteristics of RP-HPLC Columns and Chromatographic Tests | p. 90 |
| Column Classification and Selection | p. 101 |
| Conclusions | p. 104 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 105 |
| References | p. 105 |
| Chiral Separations | |
| Abstract | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 112 |
| Separation of Enantiomers on HPLC Chiral Stationary Phases | p. 115 |
| Practical Guidelines to Chiral HPLC of Pharmaceuticals | p. 135 |
| Conclusions | p. 137 |
| References | p. 138 |
| Contemporary Liquid Chromatographic Systems for Method Development | |
| Abstract | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 146 |
| Traditional Instrumentation for HPLC Method Development | p. 147 |
| Contemporary Method Development Systems | p. 153 |
| Migrating Methods from HPLC to UPLC | p. 169 |
| UPLC Applications in Pharmaceutical Analysis | p. 174 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 183 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 184 |
| References | p. 185 |
| Further Reading | p. 186 |
| Hyphenated Techniques | |
| Abstract | p. 189 |
| Introduction and Background | p. 190 |
| Combined Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry | p. 191 |
| Combined Liquid Chromatography/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | p. 218 |
| Conclusions | p. 231 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 231 |
| References | p. 232 |
| HPLC Sample Preparation | |
| Abstract | p. 237 |
| Introduction | p. 238 |
| Fundamentals of Extraction and Chemical Equilibrium | p. 239 |
| Choice of Samples Preparation | p. 245 |
| Direct Injection | p. 246 |
| Liquid-Liquid Extraction | p. 247 |
| Solid-Phase Extraction | p. 248 |
| Solid Samples | p. 254 |
| Additional Sample Preparation Methods | p. 256 |
| Conclusions | p. 263 |
| References | p. 263 |
| Instrument Qualification and Software Validation | |
| Abstract | p. 270 |
| Introduction | p. 270 |
| Definitions | p. 271 |
| Qualification Model | p. 278 |
| Discussion: Case Study HPLC | p. 291 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 294 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 295 |
| References | p. 295 |
| Pharmaceutical Development: From Pre-Clinical to Post Approval | |
| Abstract | p. 297 |
| Introduction | p. 298 |
| The Role of HPLC in Drug Discovery | p. 300 |
| The Role of HPLC in Pre-clinical Development | p. 303 |
| The Role of HPLC in Clinical Development | p. 307 |
| Post Approval | p. 312 |
| Conclusions | p. 315 |
| References | p. 315 |
| HPLC Method Development for Drug Discovery LC-MS Assays in Rapid PK Applications | |
| Abstract | p. 318 |
| Introduction | p. 318 |
| Tandem MS Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Development | p. 319 |
| HPLC Method Development | p. 322 |
| Sample Preparation | p. 324 |
| Matrix Effects | p. 329 |
| Background Interference: Enhanced Mass Resolution Strategy | p. 334 |
| Limit of Quantitation, Dynamic Range and Linearity | p. 340 |
| Assay Samples and Generate Pharmacokinetic Reports | p. 344 |
| Conclusions | p. 345 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 345 |
| References | p. 345 |
| HPLC Method Development in Early Phase Pharmaceutical Development | |
| Abstract | p. 353 |
| Introduction | p. 354 |
| Forced Decomposition and Impurity Profiling | p. 355 |
| Orthogonal Screening | p. 357 |
| Method Selection and Optimization | p. 362 |
| Additional Methods | p. 366 |
| Setting the Stage for Late Phase HPLC Method Developments | p. 367 |
| Conclusions | p. 369 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 369 |
| References | p. 369 |
| HPLC Method Development in Late Phase Pharmaceutical Development | |
| Abstract | p. 373 |
| Introduction | p. 374 |
| Goals of Development | p. 375 |
| Planning Phase | p. 377 |
| Method Development Phase | p. 382 |
| Method Evaluation Phase | p. 394 |
| Method Transfer Phase | p. 398 |
| Method Performance Monitoring and Feedback | p. 400 |
| Method Development Cycle Times and Documentation | p. 403 |
| Conclusions | p. 403 |
| References | p. 404 |
| Use of HPLC for In-process Testing | |
| Abstract | p. 407 |
| Introduction | p. 407 |
| Various Examples of In-Process Testing in Drug Substance Development | p. 409 |
| Fast HPLC | p. 419 |
| In-Process Testing in Chemical Production | p. 420 |
| In-Process Testing in Pharmaceutical Production | p. 422 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 423 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 423 |
| References | p. 423 |
| Method Development for Biomolecules | |
| Abstract | p. 425 |
| Introduction | p. 426 |
| Protein and Peptide Separations by HPLC | p. 430 |
| Case Studies | p. 434 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 437 |
| Abbreviations | p. 438 |
| References | p. 438 |
| Method Validation | |
| Abstract | p. 441 |
| Introduction | p. 442 |
| Validation Process | p. 444 |
| Validation Characteristics | p. 444 |
| Additional Validation Characteristics | p. 450 |
| Robustness Testing | p. 452 |
| Conclusions | p. 457 |
| References | p. 457 |
| Troubleshooting in High Performance Liquid Chromatography | |
| Abstract | p. 459 |
| Introduction | p. 460 |
| Problems Observed in Chromatograms | p. 460 |
| Operating Parameters | p. 468 |
| Leaks | p. 472 |
| Pressure Problems | p. 474 |
| Troubleshooting Action Plan | p. 475 |
| Conclusions | p. 477 |
| References | p. 477 |
| Internet Resources | p. 477 |
| Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Sorbents for Separations and Extractions | |
| Abstract | p. 479 |
| Introduction | p. 479 |
| MIP Theory | p. 481 |
| Synthesis | p. 487 |
| Use of Imprinted Polymers in Separation Science | p. 491 |
| Pharmaceutical Application for MIPs | p. 493 |
| Pros and Cons of MIP Sorbents | p. 495 |
| Conclusions and Future Outlook | p. 496 |
| References | p. 497 |
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