Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction to Baking 1
Introduction 2
The Importance of Accuracy in the Bakeshop 2
Balances and Scales 3
Units of Measure 5
Weight and Volume Measurements 5
The Difference Between Weight Ounces and Fluid Ounces 7
The Difference Between Density and Thickness 8
Baker's Percentages 9
The Importance of Controlling Ingredient Temperatures 11
The Importance of Controlling Oven Temperatures 12
Questions for Review 14
Questions for Discussion 14
Exercises and Experiments 15
2 Heat Transfer 19
Introduction 20
Methods of Heat Transfer 20
Questions for Review 26
Questions for Discussion 26
Exercises and Experiments 27
3 Overview of the Baking Process 33
Introduction 34
Setting the Stage for Success 34
Stage I: Mixing 36
Stage II: Baking 38
Stage III: Cooling 44
Questions for Review 45
Questions for Discussion 46
Exercises and Experiments 46
4 Sensory Properties of Food 57
Introduction 58
Appearance 58
Flavor 61
Texture 68
Questions for Review 70
Questions for Discussion 71
Exercises and Experiments 71
5 Wheat Flour 79
Introduction 80
The Wheat Kernel 80
Makeup of Flour 82
Classifying Wheat 83
Particle Size 84
Flour and Dough Additives and Treatments 85
Commercial Grades of White Flours 89
Types of Patent Wheat Flours 91
Other Wheat Flours 94
Functions of Flour 96
Storage of Flours 98
Questions for Review 99
Questions for Discussion 101
Exercises and Experiments 101
6 Variety Grains and Flours 117
Introduction 118
Cereal Grains 118
Alternative Wheat Grains 122
Cereal-Free Grains and Flours 123
Questions for Review 126
Questions for Discussion 126
Exercises and Experiments 127
7 Gluten 135
Introduction 136
The Formation and Development of Gluten 136
Determining Gluten Requirements 138
Controlling Gluten Development 140
Dough Relaxation 150
Questions for Review 152
Questions for Discussion 153
Exercises and Experiments 154
8 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 163
Introduction 164
Sweeteners 164
Dry Crystalline Sugars 167
Syrups 173
Specialty Sweeteners 183
Functions of Sweeteners 186
Storage and Handling 191
Questions for Review 193
Questions for Discussion 194
Exercises and Experiments 195
9 Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 213
Introduction 214
Chemistry of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 214
Processing of Fats and Oils 217
Fats and Oils 221
Functions of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 233
Storage and Handling 238
Questions for Review 239
Questions for Discussion 240
Exercises and Experiments 241
10 Eggs and Egg Products 257
Introduction 258
The Makeup of an Egg 258
Commercial Classification of Shell Eggs 261
Egg Products 263
Functions of Eggs 265
More on Coagulation: Basic Egg Custard 269
More on Aeration: Meringue 272
Storage and Handling 275
Questions for Review 277
Questions for Discussion 278
Exercises and Experiments 279
11 Leavening Agents 299
Introduction 300
The Process of Leavening 300
Leavening Gases 301
Yeast Fermentation 304
Chemical Leaveners 308
Storage and Handling 313
Questions for Review 314
Questions for Discussion 315
Exercises and Experiments 315
12 Thickening and Gelling Agents 323
Introduction 324
The Process of Thickening and Gelling 324
Gelatin 325
Vegetable Gums 328
Starches 330
Functions of Thickening and Gelling Agents 336
Storage and Handling 338
Questions for Review 340
Questions for Discussion 341
Exercises and Experiments 342
13 Milk and Milk Products 355
Introduction 356
Common Commercial Processes to Milk and Milk Products 356
Makeup of Milk 358
Milk Products 359
Functions of Milk and Milk Products 365
Storage and Handling 366
Questions for Review 368
Questions for Discussion 368
Exercises and Experiments 369
14 Nuts and Seeds 377
Introduction 378
Composition of Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 378
Cost 379
Common Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 380
Toasting Nuts 383
Storage and Handling 384
Questions for Review 386
Questions for Discussion 386
Exercises and Experiments 387
15 Cocoa and Chocolate Products 395
Introduction 396
Cocoa Beans 396
Common Cocoa and Chocolate Products 399
Handling Chocolate Products 412
Functions of Cocoa and Chocolate Products 414
Storage 417
Questions for Review 418
Questions for Discussion 419
Exercises and Experiments 420
16 Fruit and Fruit Products 427
Introduction 428
How Fruit is Purchased 428
Common Fruits 434
Fruit Ripening 437
Storage and Handling 439
Questions for Review 441
Questions for Discussion 442
Exercises and Experiments 442
17 Natural and Artificial Flavorings 453
Introduction 454
A Brief Review of Flavor 454
Flavor Profiles 454
Types of Flavorings 455
Evaluating New Flavorings 462
Storage and Handling 463
Questions for Review 464
Questions for Discussion 464
Exercises and Experiments 465
18 Baking for Health and Wellness 471
Introduction 472
Healthful Baking with the Customer in Mind 472
Guidelines for a Healthful Diet 473
Strategies for Healthful Baking 475
Food Allergies 481
Questions for Review 487
Exercises and Experiments 487
Appendix 499
Bibliography 503
Illustration Credits 504
Index 505
