| Contributors | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| History of high voltage engineering | p. 2 |
| High voltage power networks | p. 4 |
| EC Directives | p. 6 |
| The future of HV engineering | p. 7 |
| Electric power transmission and distribution system | p. 9 |
| Nature and development of transmission and distribution systems | p. 9 |
| Structure of transmission and distribution systems | p. 23 |
| Design of transmission and distribution systems | p. 31 |
| Operation of transmission and distribution systems | p. 35 |
| Future developments | p. 44 |
| References | p. 53 |
| Insulation co-ordination for AC transmission and distribution systems | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| Classification of dielectric stress | p. 56 |
| Voltage-time characteristics | p. 60 |
| Factors affecting switching overvoltages | p. 62 |
| Methods of controlling switching surges | p. 66 |
| Factors affecting lightning overvoltages entering substations | p. 74 |
| Methods of controlling lightning overvoltages | p. 82 |
| Conclusions | p. 84 |
| References | p. 85 |
| Applications of gaseous insulants | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| Atmospheric air clearances | p. 89 |
| Other gases | p. 99 |
| Switchgear and GIS | p. 103 |
| System modelling | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 133 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 134 |
| References | p. 134 |
| HVDC and power electronic systems | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| HVDC transmission--a brief overview | p. 138 |
| General principles | p. 140 |
| Main components of HVDC links | p. 140 |
| Convertor building | p. 155 |
| Economics | p. 157 |
| Power electronic support for AC systems | p. 159 |
| Conclusions | p. 165 |
| References | p. 165 |
| Overhead lines | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| Towers and supports | p. 169 |
| Conductors | p. 181 |
| Dampers and spacer dampers | p. 189 |
| Foundations | p. 193 |
| Insulator design | p. 195 |
| Electrical discharges | p. 202 |
| Line construction | p. 207 |
| European standards and their impact | p. 210 |
| References | p. 211 |
| Conductor sag and tension calculations | p. 212 |
| Change of state equation | p. 214 |
| Ampacity of OHL conductor | p. 215 |
| Foundation calculations | p. 219 |
| Calculation of RIV generated by a typical transmission line | p. 220 |
| Calculation of corona loss dissipated by a typical transmission line | p. 223 |
| High voltage cables | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| The components of an insulated power cable system | p. 228 |
| Design features | p. 230 |
| Manufacturing processes and materials | p. 246 |
| Testing | p. 258 |
| Diagnostics | p. 264 |
| Case studies | p. 267 |
| References | p. 270 |
| Gas filled interrupters--fundamentals | p. 273 |
| Introduction | p. 273 |
| Principles of current interruption in HV systems | p. 274 |
| Arc control and extinction | p. 279 |
| Other performance inhibiting factors | p. 286 |
| Other forms of interrupters | p. 292 |
| Future trends | p. 294 |
| References | p. 298 |
| Switchgear design, development and service | p. 301 |
| Introduction | p. 301 |
| Interruptor development | p. 302 |
| Arc interruption | p. 307 |
| Third generation interrupters | p. 313 |
| Dielectric design and insulators | p. 314 |
| Mechanism | p. 316 |
| SF[subscript 6] live- and dead-tank circuit-breakers | p. 316 |
| Closing resistors/metal-oxide arresters | p. 322 |
| Disconnector switching | p. 324 |
| Ferroresonance | p. 325 |
| System monitoring | p. 327 |
| Insulation co-ordination | p. 329 |
| Conclusions | p. 329 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 330 |
| References | p. 330 |
| Appendix | p. 331 |
| Transmission substations | p. 335 |
| Introduction | p. 335 |
| Site selection | p. 337 |
| Substation design | p. 342 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 348 |
| References | p. 348 |
| Distribution switchgear | p. 349 |
| Introduction | p. 349 |
| Substations | p. 351 |
| Distribution system configurations | p. 355 |
| Ratings | p. 359 |
| Switching equipments | p. 361 |
| Circuit protection devices | p. 381 |
| Switchgear auxiliary equipment | p. 384 |
| SF[subscript 6] handling and environmental concerns | p. 385 |
| The future | p. 386 |
| References | p. 389 |
| Differences in performance between SF[subscript 2] and vacuum circuit-breakers at distribution voltage levels | p. 391 |
| Introduction | p. 391 |
| Circuit-breaker | p. 391 |
| Vacuum circuit-breaker | p. 392 |
| SF[subscript 6] gas circuit-breakers | p. 394 |
| Puffer circuit-breaker | p. 394 |
| Rotating-arc circuit-breaker | p. 395 |
| Auto-expansion circuit-breaker | p. 396 |
| Operating mechanism | p. 396 |
| Choice of correct circuit-breaker for special switching duties | p. 398 |
| Capacitive and inductive current switching | p. 398 |
| Circuit-breakers for generator circuit switching | p. 400 |
| Synchronised switching | p. 401 |
| Conclusions | p. 402 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 402 |
| Bibliography | p. 402 |
| High voltage bushings | p. 405 |
| Introduction | p. 405 |
| Types of bushings | p. 405 |
| Bushing design | p. 410 |
| Bushing applications | p. 416 |
| Testing | p. 425 |
| Maintenance and diagnosis | p. 431 |
| References | p. 432 |
| Design of high voltage power transformers | p. 435 |
| Introduction | p. 435 |
| Transformer action | p. 435 |
| The transformer as a circuit parameter | p. 437 |
| The core | p. 439 |
| The windings | p. 443 |
| Cooling systems | p. 447 |
| The insulation | p. 449 |
| The tank | p. 450 |
| The bushings | p. 450 |
| On-load tap-changers | p. 451 |
| Design features | p. 452 |
| Dielectric design | p. 452 |
| Electromagnetic design | p. 455 |
| Short-circuit forces | p. 457 |
| Winding thermal design | p. 458 |
| Conclusion | p. 459 |
| References | p. 460 |
| Transformer user requirements, specifications and testing | p. 463 |
| Introduction | p. 463 |
| User requirements | p. 464 |
| Specification and standards | p. 470 |
| Testing | p. 471 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 477 |
| Recent developments regarding life management of transformers | p. 478 |
| References | p. 479 |
| Basic measuring techniques | p. 481 |
| Introduction | p. 481 |
| Measuring system | p. 481 |
| Amplitude measurements | p. 488 |
| Time parameters | p. 500 |
| Measuring purposes | p. 500 |
| Conclusions | p. 501 |
| References | p. 502 |
| Basic testing techniques | p. 503 |
| Introduction | p. 503 |
| Recommendations and definitions | p. 504 |
| Test voltages | p. 506 |
| Impulse current | p. 523 |
| Test conditions | p. 526 |
| Conclusions | p. 531 |
| References | p. 531 |
| Partial discharge measuring technique | p. 533 |
| Introduction | p. 533 |
| Physical background of partial discharges | p. 534 |
| Requirements on a partial discharge measuring system | p. 538 |
| Measuring systems for apparent charge | p. 541 |
| Calibration of a partial discharge measuring system | p. 543 |
| Examples of partial discharge measurements | p. 543 |
| Conclusions | p. 547 |
| References | p. 547 |
| Digital measuring technique and evaluation procedures | p. 549 |
| Introduction | p. 549 |
| Requirements on the recording device | p. 550 |
| Requirements on the evaluation software | p. 554 |
| Application of digital recording systems | p. 556 |
| Application examples of evaluation procedures | p. 562 |
| Summary | p. 568 |
| References | p. 568 |
| Traceable measurements in high voltage tests | p. 569 |
| Introduction | p. 569 |
| Direct voltage | p. 570 |
| Alternating voltage | p. 570 |
| Impulse voltage | p. 571 |
| Linearity test | p. 572 |
| Uncertainty of measurement | p. 573 |
| Definitions related to accreditation | p. 574 |
| Definitions related to uncertainty | p. 575 |
| References | p. 579 |
| Fundamental aspects of air breakdown | p. 581 |
| Introduction | p. 581 |
| Pre-breakdown discharges | p. 581 |
| The 'U-curve' | p. 583 |
| The gap factor | p. 585 |
| Sparkover characteristics | p. 589 |
| Atmospheric effects | p. 595 |
| New developments | p. 599 |
| References | p. 599 |
| Optical fibre based monitoring of high voltage power equipment | p. 601 |
| Introduction | p. 601 |
| Optical fibre fundamentals | p. 602 |
| Optical fibre sensing | p. 608 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 633 |
| References | p. 633 |
| Condition monitoring of high voltage equipment | p. 635 |
| Introduction | p. 635 |
| Condition monitoring overview | p. 636 |
| Examples of in-service condition monitoring | p. 638 |
| Condition monitoring of high voltage transformers | p. 648 |
| Intelligent monitoring system--switchgear example | p. 653 |
| References | p. 672 |
| Life management of electrical plant | p. 675 |
| Introduction | p. 675 |
| Reliability | p. 677 |
| Condition monitoring | p. 686 |
| Plant maintenance | p. 702 |
| Working plant harder | p. 706 |
| Information management | p. 710 |
| Conclusions | p. 711 |
| References | p. 711 |
| Index | p. 713 |
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