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Artech House Microwave Library (Hardcover)

By: Peter B. Kenington

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Hardcover | 30 September 2000

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Hardcover
556 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.24 x 3.81

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$390.99

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Based on the author's real-world design experience in this key emerging area, this comprehensive guide examines and compares all major RF power amplifier linearization techniques in detail. Featuring practical tips, more than 250 illustrations, and over 600 verified equations, the book seeks to save the reader valuable design time whilst helping them avoid costly design errors. It covers the modelling and measurement of amplifier non-linearity, and describes the main methods for overcoming non-linearity in a wide range of applications, including: base stations using feedforward and predistortion; mobile communications systems and handsets using RF or digital predistortion, cartesian loop, LINC and envelope elimination and restoration (EECR); and satellite systems.

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Non-Fiction Science Physics Electricity Engineering & Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Microwave Technology Circuits & Components Communications Engineering & Telecommunications

Radio Technology

Introduction	p. 1
Distortion	p. 1
The Requirements for Linearity	p. 1
Linear Modulation Schemes	p. 4
Multicarrier Amplifier Systems	p. 7
Multicarrier Modulation Formats	p. 8
Dynamic Channel Allocation	p. 10
Power Efficiency	p. 11
Single-Carrier Applications	p. 11
Multicarrier Applications	p. 12
Effect of Nonlinearity on a W-CDMA system	p. 15
Requirement for Linearity in Adaptive Antenna Systems	p. 16
Organisation of the Text	p. 17
References	p. 19
Distortion in Amplifiers	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Amplitude Distortion	p. 21
Square-Law Characteristic	p. 22
Third-Order Characteristic	p. 25
Two-Tone Test	p. 29
Two-Tone Test Applied to an Amplifier With A Second-Order (Square-Law) Nonlinearity	p. 31
Two-Tone Test Applied to an Amplifier With A Third-Order Nonlinearity	p. 31
Higher-Order Nonlinearities	p. 32
Combined Effect of Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion	p. 33
Effect of IMD on Carrier-To-Noise Ratio	p. 33
Calculation of Imtermodulation Distortion Ratio	p. 35
Two-Tone Intermodulation	p. 35
Cascaded Third-Order Intercept Point	p. 37
Effect of A Driver Stage on Overall Amplifier IMD	p. 37
Nonlinearity Measures for Multitone and Modulated Signals	p. 39
Adjacent Channel Power Ratio	p. 39
Noise Power Ratio	p. 39
Multitone Intermodulation Ratio	p. 40
Relationship Between Two-Tone IMD and Complex Signal IMD	p. 41
Examples	p. 43
Crest Factor and Crest Factor Reduction Techniques	p. 46
Crest Factor Definition	p. 46
Crest Factor Reduction for Multicarrier Signals	p. 46
Phase Distortion	p. 48
Practical Creation of a Multitone Test Signal	p. 49
Two-Tone Test With Unequal Tone Powers	p. 56
White Noise Testing of Amplifier Linearity	p. 57
Spurious Signals	p. 58
Cross-Modulation	p. 59
Modelling of Amplifier Nonlinearities	p. 60
Ideal Transfer Characteristic	p. 60
Memoryless (Instantaneous) Nonlinear Model	p. 61
AM-AM and AM-PM Conversion in A Nonlinear Amplifier	p. 61
Measurement of AM/AM and AM/PM Characteristics	p. 63
Polar Form of a Memoryless Nonlinear Model	p. 63
Effect of AM-AM and AM-PM Conversion on Digital Modulation Formats	p. 67
Cartesian Form of a Memoryless Nonlinear Model	p. 67
Approximate Forms of Memoryless Nonlinear Model	p. 74
Bandpass Nonlinear Models Incorporating Memory Effects	p. 80
Saleh Model	p. 80
Blum and Jeruchim Model	p. 81
Volterra Series	p. 83
Generalised Power Series	p. 84
References	p. 85
RF Power Amplifier Design	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Power Semiconductors	p. 89
Class-A Amplifiers	p. 94
Class-B Amplifiers	p. 97
Class-AB Amplifiers	p. 101
Class-C Amplifiers	p. 102
Classical Class-C Stage	p. 102
Saturation of Class-C Stages	p. 107
Class-C Mixed Mode Stage	p. 108
Amplitude Modulation of a Class-C Stage	p. 109
Class-D Amplifiers	p. 113
Class-D Complementary Voltage Switching Amplifier	p. 114
Class-D Transformer-Coupled Voltage Switching Amplifier	p. 116
Class-D Transformer-Coupled Current Switching Amplifier	p. 118
Amplitude Modulation of a Class-D PA	p. 118
Practical Class-D Amplifiers	p. 118
Class-E Amplifiers	p. 121
Class-F Amplifiers	p. 122
Class-G and -H Amplifiers	p. 124
Class-S Amplifiers	p. 124
Biasing for Linear Operation	p. 126
Diode Biasing	p. 126
Amplified Diode Biasing	p. 127
Low Source-Impedance Biasing	p. 128
Voltage Regulator Biasing	p. 130
Biasing of FET Devices	p. 130
Sources of Inequality for IM Products	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Supply Modulation Effects	p. 131
Bias Modulation Effects	p. 132
Interstage Reflections	p. 133
References	p. 133
Feedback Linearisation Techniques	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Feedback Theory	p. 136
Feedback Distortion Reduction	p. 138
RF Feedback	p. 139
Series Feedback	p. 140
Shunt Feedback	p. 142
Other Configurations	p. 145
Example System	p. 146
Active RF Feedback	p. 150
Difference-Frequency Feedback	p. 150
Distortion Feedback	p. 152
RF Feedback Employing Cartesian Compensation	p. 153
Conventional Quasi-Linear Transmitters With Feedback Power Control	p. 154
Modulation Feedback	p. 156
Polar-Loop Transmitter	p. 161
Improvements to the Polar Loop Technique	p. 164
Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 164
Phase-Shift Network Design	p. 169
Weaver Method SSB and the Cartesian Loop	p. 172
Analysis of a Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 177
Loop-filter Design	p. 180
Cartesian Loop Stability Analysis	p. 183
Cartesian Loop Applied to a Software Radio	p. 195
Noise Performance of a Cartesian Loop	p. 198
Noise Analysis	p. 199
Practical Considerations with the Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 203
Local Oscillator Performance	p. 204
Matching of the Quadrature Signal Paths	p. 204
DC Offsets on the Quadrature Signals	p. 206
Effect of I/Q Errors and Carrier Leakage on Digital Modulation Formats	p. 207
Practical Considerations of Loop Stability	p. 214
Step Response of the Transmitter	p. 215
Power Control in a Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 216
Effect of External Signals on a Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 219
The Problem of Saturating Power Amplifiers and the Cartesian Loop	p. 236
Illustration of Practical Problems Using a Frequency-Offset Two-Tone Test	p. 243
Practical Results From a Cartesian-Loop Transmitter	p. 245
References	p. 247
Feedforward Systems	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Basic Operation	p. 253
Multiple Feedforward Loops	p. 256
Limitations of the Single Loop	p. 256
Use of Additional Loops	p. 257
System Reliability	p. 260
General Properties and Advantages	p. 260
Gain- and Phase-Matching	p. 262
Derivation	p. 262
Matching Characteristics	p. 265
Vector Representation	p. 265
Error Amplifier Design	p. 266
Power Efficiency	p. 267
Optimum Coupling Factor	p. 270
Typical Efficiency Characteristics	p. 271
Effect of Power Loss in the Main-Path Delay Element	p. 273
Overall Efficiency of a Feedforward Amplifier Incorporating Loss in the Main-Path Delay Element	p. 273
Typical Efficiency Characteristics	p. 276
Efficiency Improvement of a Feedforward Amplifier	p. 280
Theoretical Analysis	p. 281
Typical Characteristics	p. 284
Combination of Delay Mismatch and Gain and Phase Error	p. 286
Path Difference and Subtraction Issues in a Feedforward System	p. 287
Example Systems	p. 288
Reduction Or Elimination of the Reference-Path Delay Element	p. 290
Efficiency Improvement Using Predistortion	p. 291
Linear Distortion Correction in a Feedforward System	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Analysis of Linear Distortion Removal Characteristics	p. 293
Incorporation of Error Amplifier Ripple	p. 296
Temperature Drift and Component Aging	p. 298
Environmental Stabilisation	p. 299
Performance Monitoring	p. 299
Additional Loops	p. 302
System Examples	p. 304
Adaptive Nulling	p. 304
Carrier Injection	p. 308
Summary of Requirements for the Major System Components	p. 312
Input Splitter	p. 312
Main Amplifier	p. 317
Sampling Coupler and Subtracter	p. 322
Time-Delay Elements	p. 323
Error Amplifier	p. 325
Gain and Phase Compensation Circuits	p. 326
Output Coupler	p. 332
Location and Matching Considerations	p. 333
Effects of Co-Siting With Other Systems	p. 333
Effect of Poor Antenna Matching	p. 336
Loop Instability	p. 338
Instability in the Error Loop	p. 338
Instability in the Correction Loop	p. 340
Practical Implications	p. 341
Effect on Input and Output Match	p. 342
Application Areas	p. 343
Potential Advantages	p. 345
Flexibility	p. 345
Size	p. 345
Transparency	p. 345
Future-Proof Design	p. 346
Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA)	p. 346
Positioning Flexibility	p. 346
Practical Results	p. 347
References	p. 348
Predistortion Techniques	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
RF and IF Predistortion	p. 352
Introduction	p. 352
Theory of Operation	p. 352
Cubic Predistorters	p. 354
Generation of an Expansive Characteristic	p. 355
Gain- and Phase-Matching Characteristics	p. 356
Ideal Cubic Fit for a Class-C Amplifier	p. 358
Alternative Forms of Simple Predistorter	p. 360
Single-Diode Predistorters	p. 361
FET-Based Predistorters	p. 362
Anti-Parallel Diode-Based Predistorter	p. 368
Predistortion Using Harmonics	p. 373
IF Predistortion	p. 375
Curve-Fitting Predistorters	p. 375
Digital IF Predistortion	p. 379
Complex Predistortion Techniques	p. 380
Adaptive Control of Predistortion	p. 381
Efficiency of Predistortion Techniques	p. 390
Example Performance of a Simple Predistorter	p. 391
Advantages and Disadvantages of RF/IF Predistortion	p. 395
RF Predistorter Applications	p. 396
Baseband Predistortion	p. 397
Adaptive (Baseband) Predistortion	p. 398
Introduction	p. 400
Power-Efficiency	p. 400
Generic Signal Processing	p. 402
Main Predistorter Elements	p. 402
Data Predistorters	p. 409
Practical Issues	p. 410
Postdistortion Linearisation	p. 417
IMD Cancellation at the Antenna	p. 418
References	p. 420
Linear Transmitters Employing Signal Processing	p. 425
Introduction	p. 425
Envelope Elimination and Restoration	p. 426
Introduction	p. 426
Operation of an EEandR Amplifier	p. 426
Operation of an EEandR Transmitter	p. 427
Intermodulation Distortion in EEandR Transmitters	p. 429
Practical Delay Considerations With EEandR Transmitters	p. 437
Applying Feedback Around EEandR Systems	p. 439
An EEandR Amplifier With Envelope Feedback	p. 439
Efficiency of an EEandR System	p. 439
An EEandR Transmitter Employing Envelope and Modulator Feedback	p. 440
Integrated Circuit Implementation of EEandR	p. 442
Advantages and Disadvantages of EEandR	p. 442
Linear Amplification Using Nonlinear Components	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
Operation of a LINC Transmitter	p. 444
Signal Separation/Generation	p. 446
Frequency Translation Within the LINC Technique	p. 452
Use of Voltage-Controlled Oscillators in the LINC Technique	p. 453
DSP Implementation of a LINC Transmitter	p. 454
Example LINC Signals	p. 455
Gain and Phase Matching of the Two RF Paths in a LINC Transmitter System	p. 457
Influence of PA Output Match on a LINC Transmitter	p. 460
Vector Locked Loop	p. 461
Combined Analogue-Locked Loop Universal Modulator--CALLUM	p. 463
Introduction	p. 463
Analysis of the CALLUM Modulator	p. 465
Stability of the Basic CALLUM Modulator	p. 470
Linear Amplification Employing Sampling Techniques (LIST)	p. 471
Introduction	p. 471
Operation of a LIST Transmitter	p. 472
Bandpass Filter Specification	p. 475
Delta Coding	p. 476
Errors in Delta Coding	p. 477
Choice of Reconstruction Filter	p. 481
Gain and Phase Imbalances in a LIST Transmitter	p. 482
Sources of Noise and Distortion	p. 484
Feedback Correction	p. 485
Efficiency and Combining Issues With LINC and LIST Transmitters	p. 485
References	p. 491
Efficiency Boosting Systems	p. 493
Introduction	p. 493
Doherty	p. 493
Operation of the Doherty Technique	p. 494
Determining the Characteristic Impedance of the [lambda]/4 Transmission Line	p. 498
Impedances Seen by the Amplifiers	p. 499
Efficiency of a Doherty Amplifier	p. 499
Overall Efficiency of a Doherty Amplifier	p. 502
Three- (or More) Stage Doherty Systems	p. 504
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Doherty Technique	p. 506
Adaptive Bias	p. 507
Operation of Adaptive Bias	p. 507
Efficiency of an Adaptive Bias Class-A Amplifier	p. 508
Envelope Tracking	p. 511
Class-H Amplification	p. 512
Dual-Bias Control	p. 512
References	p. 514
Biography	p. 515
Index	p. 517
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Artech House Microwave Library (Hardcover)

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

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