About the Author xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Heat Transfer? 1
1.2 Three Basic Heat Transfer Modes 2
1.3 Relations to Thermodynamics 6
1.3.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 6
1.3.2 Zeroth Law and Second Law 10
1.4 A Brief Review of the Prerequisite 11
1.4.1 Coordinate Systems 11
1.4.2 Units and Dimensions 11
1.4.3 Integration 12
1.4.4 Solving Second-order Ordinary Differential Equations 13
1.4.5 The Problem Solution Procedure 15
1.5 Summary 15
Bibliography 16
2 Introduction to Conduction 17
2.1 Thermal Conductivity 17
2.2 General Description of Conduction 20
2.2.1 General Form of Fourierâs Law 20
2.2.2 Derivation of Heat Equation 22
2.2.3 Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions 24
2.3 General Solution Procedure to 1D Steady-state Heat Equation 27
2.4 Steady-state Conduction with No Internal Source: The Thermal Resistance Network Method 28
2.5 Summary 33
Bibliography 33
3 Multidimensional Conduction 35
3.1 Conduction Beyond Steady-state One-dimensional Problems 35
3.1.1 Zero-dimensional Transient Conduction: The Lumped Capacitance Method 36
3.1.2 Steady-state 2D Conduction 40
3.1.3 Transient 1D Conduction Without Source/Sink 41
3.1.4 Transient 3D Conduction with Moving Source 44
3.1.5 A Note on Analytical Solutions 45
3.2 Numerical Methods 45
3.2.1 Approximation to Derivatives 46
3.2.2 Finite Volume Method 48
3.2.3 Treatment of Time 53
3.2.4 Accuracy Versus Stability 56
3.2.5 Virtual Laboratory: 1D Transient Conduction in a Semi-infinite Wall 57
3.3 Summary 61
Bibliography 61
4 Introduction to Convective Heat Transfer 63
4.1 Boundary Layers 63
4.2 Nusselt Number 68
4.3 Connecting Momentum Transport and Heat Transfer: Prandtl Number 69
4.4 Reynolds Analogy 71
4.5 Impact of Turbulence 72
4.6 Virtual Laboratory: Boundary Layer Measurement 73
4.7 Summary 77
Bibliography 77
5 Forced Convection 79
5.1 External Convection 81
5.1.1 Flat Plate 81
5.1.2 Other Bluff Bodies 85
5.1.3 Virtual Laboratory: Determination of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient for a Rotating Disk 87
5.2 Internal Convection 91
5.2.1 Pipes 93
5.2.2 Ducts with Other Cross-sectional Shape 94
5.2.3 Total Heat Transfer Rate 95
5.2.4 Virtual Laboratory: Heat Transfer Characteristics for Detonation in Narrow Channel 97
5.3 Summary 101
Bibliography 102
6 Natural Convection and Phase Change 105
6.1 The Physical Processes of Natural Convection and Phase Change 105
6.1.1 Relevant Scales for Natural Convection 105
6.1.2 Relevant Scales for Boiling and Condensation 108
6.2 Correlations for Natural Convection 111
6.2.1 External Natural Convection 111
6.2.2 Internal Natural Convection 113
6.2.3 Mixed Regime Convection 114
6.2.4 Virtual Laboratory: Natural Convection in an Ethyleneâ"Air Pool Fire 114
6.3 Correlations for Phase Change Process 118
6.4 Summary 119
Bibliography 119
7 Introduction to Radiative Heat Transfer 121
7.1 The Physical Process of Thermal Radiation 121
7.2 Basic Concepts in Radiation 122
7.2.1 Solid Angle 122
7.2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 123
7.2.3 Radiative Intensity 124
7.3 The Idealized âBlackbodyâ 125
7.3.1 Fraction of Blackbody Emissive Power 126
7.3.2 Virtual Laboratory: Key Observations for Blackbody Radiation 126
7.4 Surface Properties 128
7.4.1 Spectral and Directional Dependence of Surface Properties 129
7.4.2 Kirchhoffâs Law 130
7.4.3 Virtual Laboratory: Measuring Emissivity of Semiconductor Wafer 131
7.5 Summary 133
Bibliography 133
8 Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces 135
8.1 View Factor 135
8.1.1 Properties of View Factor 137
8.1.2 Two-dimensional Geometries: The Crossed-string Method 138
8.1.3 The Monte Carlo Method for Determination of View Factors 140
8.2 Surface Exchange Between Gray Diffuse Surfaces 144
8.2.1 Surface Exchange Between Black Surfaces 144
8.2.2 Analytical Methods for Surface Exchange Between Gray Diffuse Surfaces 145
8.2.3 The Monte Carlo Methods for Surface Exchange Between Gray Diffuse Surfaces 147
8.3 Virtual Laboratory: Radiation Within a Backward-facing Step Combustor 148
8.4 Summary 150
Bibliography 150
9 Radiation in Participating Media 151
9.1 The Characteristics of Gaseous Radiation 151
9.2 The Characteristics of Radiative Interactions with Particles 153
9.3 The Characteristics of Radiation in Semitransparent Medium 154
9.4 Radiative Absorption: The Beerâs Law 154
9.5 Radiative Emission 156
9.6 Virtual Laboratory: Measurement of Wall Temperature in a Combustor Using IR Camera 157
9.7 Summary 159
Bibliography 159
10 Applications: Fin and Heat Exchanger 161
10.1 Fins 162
10.1.1 Heat Transfer Rate 163
10.1.2 Efficiency and Effectiveness 167
10.1.3 Virtual Laboratory: Determination of Efficiency and Effectiveness for Fins with Arbitrary Shape 168
10.2 Heat Exchanger 173
10.2.1 Classification 173
10.2.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 174
10.2.3 Log-mean Temperature Difference 175
10.2.4 Effectiveness-NTU Method 177
10.2.5 A Practical Example 181
10.3 Summary 186
Bibliography 187
11 Contemporary Application of Heat Transfer 189
11.1 A Simplified Energy Balance for Earth 191
11.2 Conjugate Heat Transfer Within a Thermal Barrier Coating Layer 196
11.3 Electronics Cooling 201
11.4 Thermal Runaway of Lithium-ion Batteries 208
11.5 Summary 213
Bibliography 213
Index 215
