Hardening Linux

By: John Terpstra, Paul Love, Ronald Reck, Tim Scanlon

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Paperback | 29 July 2004

At a Glance

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480 Pages

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22.23 x 17.78 x 1.91

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Bulletproof your system "before" you are hacked From the publisher of the international best-seller, "Hacking Exposed," here is a brilliant new offering written with a passion for security that will help you make the necessary upgrades and take the essential steps to secure your Linux systems. The concise and consistent approach breaks down security into logical parts, giving you actions to take immediately, information on hardening your system from the top down, how to plan and maintain an interative security strategy and finally, how to navigate the "soft issues" of how to garner management and employee support for your security strategy. Features examples in the most frequently used enterprise Linux distributions, Red Hat Enterprise Server 3.0, SuSE SLES 8.1 and a sneak preview of SuSE SLES 9.0

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Security Data Encryption Computer Networking & Communications Operating Systems Linux

Foreword from David Wreski	p. xxi
Foreword from Corey D. Schou	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. xxvii
Do These Seven Things First
Critical First Steps	p. 3
Examine Systems for Evidence of Compromise	p. 4
Terminate Unauthorized Users	p. 5
Identify and Shut Down Unauthorized Processes	p. 7
Check Log Files for Possible Evidence of Intrusion Attempts	p. 9
Check for Potential System File Damage	p. 10
Check System Stability and Availability	p. 11
Validate Hardware Operation	p. 12
Make Sure Power Is Stable	p. 12
Take It From The Top: The Systematic Hardening Process
Hardening Network Access: Disable Unnecessary Services	p. 17
Take the Machine Off the Network	p. 18
Determine Required Services	p. 20
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 3.0 Services Baseline	p. 21
SLES8 Services Baseline	p. 21
Consider Additional Services	p. 22
Determine Services' Dependencies	p. 27
Prevent Services from Running	p. 32
Use Tools to Alter Startup Scripts	p. 33
Turn Off Unnecessary Services: Command Line Tool	p. 40
Reboot	p. 43
Check Configuration for Unnecessary Services	p. 44
Check Configuration: GUI	p. 44
Check Configuration: Manual	p. 44
Check Configuration for Necessary Services	p. 45
Check the Configuration	p. 45
Probe the Service	p. 45
Look for the Service in Memory	p. 45
Return the Machine to the Network	p. 46
Test Network Connectivity	p. 46
Installing Firewalls and Filters	p. 47
Take Stock	p. 48
Check for Existing Firewall Rules	p. 48
Understand Network Basics	p. 55
Understand Firewall Rules	p. 57
Identify Protective Firewall Needs	p. 60
Protective Strategy	p. 60
Configure the Firewall	p. 61
Hardening Software Accessibility	p. 79
Identify Required Software	p. 80
Determine Software Dependencies	p. 86
Remove or Restrict Unneeded Software	p. 89
Install Software Securely	p. 90
Install Trusted Software from Vendors	p. 91
Install Software from Trusted Sources	p. 94
Monitor Your Systems	p. 102
Preparing for Disaster	p. 105
Understanding Disaster Recovery	p. 106
Do Not Build a Custom Kernel	p. 106
Document Server Setup and Record Changes	p. 107
Prepare Automated Reinstallation	p. 107
Prepare Red Hat Kickstart Install Facility	p. 109
Using SUSE YaST Auto-installation Tools	p. 114
Hardening Access Controls	p. 129
Linux File Permissions and Ownership	p. 130
Use POSIX Access Control Lists	p. 130
Review File and Directory Access Controls	p. 137
Verify the Sticky Bit for Temporary Directories	p. 138
Record SUID/SGID Files and Directories	p. 139
Hardening Data Storage	p. 141
Understand Legal and Ethical Issues with Cryptography	p. 142
Comply with Legal Requirements	p. 142
Understand Ethical Issues	p. 143
Use Proper Procedures	p. 144
Store Data Securely	p. 145
Remove Plaintext Copies of Data	p. 146
Use GnuPG to Encrypt Files	p. 147
Creating Keys in a Secure Manner	p. 148
Creating Keys for Use with GnuPG	p. 149
Use OpenSSL for File Encryption	p. 159
Install and Use a Cryptographic File System	p. 161
Hardening Authentication and User Identity	p. 169
Use Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) to Provide Flexible Authentication	p. 170
Use PAM Because...	p. 171
Enforce Strict Password Requirements	p. 171
Enable Wheel Group Access	p. 171
Enable the Use of a Centralized Authentication Server	p. 172
Correctly Configure PAM to Avoid Compromise	p. 172
Remove Obsolete PAM Configuration File	p. 172
Configuration File Format	p. 173
Backing Up the Configuration Before Making Changes	p. 174
Recovering from Catastrophic Errors	p. 175
PAM Framework	p. 175
Traditional Services	p. 176
A BSD-Like wheel Group	p. 178
Per-User Temporary Directories	p. 179
Require Strong Passwords	p. 179
Name Switching Service (NSS)	p. 183
Restricted Execution Environments	p. 185
Restrict Functionality	p. 186
Use chroot to Protect a Service	p. 187
Understand What Is Protected...and What Isn't	p. 187
Build the chroot Directory Structure	p. 188
Resolve Dynamic Library Dependencies	p. 190
Determine File Dependencies	p. 192
Create Devices in the chroot Directory	p. 194
Establish Shells and User Environments	p. 195
Install the Service(s) to the chroot Directory	p. 198
Install from Source	p. 198
Install from a Source RPM	p. 199
Install a Binary RPM to an Alternate Location	p. 204
Configure the Service to Log Activity	p. 205
Troubleshoot chroot Environment Problems	p. 206
Combine chroot and Your Distribution's Security Capabilities	p. 207
pam_chroot and Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 3.0	p. 207
Monitor File Mode and Permission Settings	p. 209
Maintain chroot	p. 210
Hardening Communications	p. 211
Secure Protocols	p. 212
Use SSH	p. 213
Secure X Connections with SSH	p. 224
Use Virtual Private Networks	p. 225
IPSec	p. 228
Set Up a VPN with FreeS/WAN	p. 229
Verify the Connection	p. 234
Once Is Never Enough!
Install Network Monitoring Software	p. 239
Install a Network Analyzer	p. 241
Install and Use ngrep to Monitor the Network	p. 241
Install and Use tcpdump	p. 245
Install Ethereal	p. 252
Utilize a Network Intrusion Detection System	p. 255
Install and Use Snort	p. 256
Use Snort in Sniffing Mode	p. 256
Use Snort in Packet Capture Mode	p. 258
Use Snort in NIDS Mode	p. 261
Use Snort Add-ons	p. 265
Honeypots/Honeynets	p. 265
Other Tools	p. 266
Automatic Logfile Scanning	p. 267
Logfiles at a Personal Level	p. 268
Create a Logfile Policy	p. 270
Configure the syslog Daemon	p. 271
The Selector Component	p. 271
The Activity Component	p. 273
Set Up a Centralized Server	p. 275
Ensure Centralized Logging Dependencies Are Met	p. 275
Configure the Centralized Server	p. 275
Configure Clients for the Centralized Server	p. 276
Create a Centralized Server with syslog-ng and stunnel	p. 277
SUSE: Download and Install stunnel 4.04	p. 277
Download and Install syslog-ng	p. 277
Create Certificates for Your Machines	p. 278
Copy Certificates to /etc/stunnel	p. 279
Check Certificate Permissions	p. 279
Create stunnel Configuration on the Server	p. 279
Create stunnel Configuration on the Client	p. 280
Create syslog-ng Configuration on the Server	p. 280
Create syslog-ng Configuration File on the Client Machines	p. 280
Start stunnel and syslog-ng Manually	p. 281
Check for Activity on the Server	p. 281
Use the logger Command to Send Messages Directly to the syslog Daemon	p. 283
Use Perl's Sys:Syslog to Send Messages to the syslog Daemon	p. 284
Manage Logfiles	p. 284
Finding Logfiles	p. 285
Other System Logfiles	p. 285
Search Logfiles	p. 286
Strategy for Searching Logfiles	p. 286
Searching Logfiles Manually	p. 287
Search Logfiles with logwatch	p. 288
Search Logfiles with logsurfer	p. 289
Search Logfiles with swatch	p. 291
Modify swatch Configuration to Detect an Attack on the SSH Daemon	p. 293
Respond to Attacks and Abnormalities	p. 294
Patch Management and Monitoring	p. 295
Apply Updates	p. 296
Update and Patch SUSE Software	p. 296
Update and Patch Red Hat Software	p. 303
Use a Central Patch Server	p. 318
Patch Monitoring and Management	p. 319
Create a Change Process	p. 320
Monitor the Patch Process	p. 321
Self-Monitoring Tools	p. 323
Install and Run a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System	p. 324
Install and Use Tripwire	p. 324
Use RPM for File Integrity Checking	p. 335
Other Tools	p. 336
Install and Run a Password Checker	p. 336
Use John the Ripper to Audit Passwords	p. 337
Set Up Network Monitoring	p. 340
Configure and Run Nmap	p. 340
Configure and Run Nessus	p. 344
How to Succeed at Hardening Linux
Budget Acquisition and Corporate Commitment to Security	p. 355
Obtain Management Support	p. 356
Show the Need for the Security Program	p. 356
Perform a Risk Assessment	p. 357
Determine Scope	p. 358
Select the Team	p. 358
Gather Issues and Determine Impact and Probability	p. 359
Prioritize Risks	p. 361
Quantitative Risk Assessment Overview	p. 362
Report to Management and Obtain Guidance	p. 363
Executive Summary	p. 364
Determine Return on Investment (ROI)	p. 365
Perform Fact Finding	p. 365
Show Return on Investment	p. 369
Seek Outside Help and References	p. 369
Involve Management in Creation of Security Policies and Spending	p. 372
Establishing a Security Campaign	p. 373
Establish the Security Campaign	p. 374
Determine Goals	p. 374
Identify What Is Needed to Accomplish Goals	p. 375
Create Policies	p. 376
Example Company Encrypted Protocols Policy	p. 381
Gain User Acceptance and Support	p. 382
Evaluate Program	p. 385
Maintain the Program	p. 385
Additional Linux Security Resources	p. 387
General Linux	p. 388
General Security	p. 388
General Linux Security	p. 388
Linux Security Programs	p. 389
Index	p. 391
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Hardening Linux

At a Glance

Paperback

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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