| List of figures | p. x |
| List of diagrams | p. xiii |
| List of tables | p. xiv |
| Preface | p. xv |
| Acknowledgements | p. xxiii |
| List of tribal delegates at the Indian Sign Language Council, 1930 | p. xxvii |
| Notational conventions | p. xxviii |
| The language landscape | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The expanse of Native North America | p. 1 |
| Endangered languages | p. 2 |
| Issues of naming | p. 3 |
| North American Indian signed language | p. 5 |
| Frequently asked questions | p. 12 |
| PISL today | p. 15 |
| Summary | p. 17 |
| Earliest historical linguistic accounts | p. 18 |
| Spanish explorers | p. 18 |
| Question of origins | p. 19 |
| Nineteenth-century explorations to the west | p. 21 |
| Earliest published lexical descriptions | p. 22 |
| The natural language of signs | p. 23 |
| Questions of historical sign language contact | p. 24 |
| Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | p. 25 |
| The consequences of industrialization | p. 27 |
| Early descriptions of American Sign Language | p. 27 |
| A national treasure | p. 30 |
| The Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology | p. 31 |
| The National Anthropological Archives | p. 31 |
| Civil War Reconstruction | p. 33 |
| Custer's Last Stand | p. 39 |
| A calendar of the Dakota nation | p. 40 |
| Mallery takes a controversial stand | p. 41 |
| Shifting paradigms | p. 44 |
| Discussion and summary | p. 47 |
| Mallery's life and research: a historical and cultural chronology | p. 48 |
| Early sign language studies | p. 51 |
| Mallery's early publications on Indian Sign Language | p. 53 |
| Collaborators | p. 54 |
| Walter James Hoffman (1846-1899) | p. 55 |
| The language of signs | p. 58 |
| Mallery's theory of signs | p. 59 |
| The emergent discipline of anthropology | p. 64 |
| Ban on the subject of language origins | p. 66 |
| The campaign against sign language | p. 67 |
| Summary | p. 69 |
| The spectrum of discourse: from ceremonial to conversational | p. 72 |
| The Indian Sign Language Council, 1930 | p. 72 |
| Film dictionary of Indian Sign Language | p. 78 |
| Sanderville's narratives | p. 80 |
| White Horse's narrative | p. 81 |
| Analysis of discourse genres | p. 83 |
| Summary | p. 84 |
| The convergence of anthropology and linguistics | p. 85 |
| The lineage of Franz Boas | p. 85 |
| Early anthropological linguistic fieldwork | p. 86 |
| The arbitrary-iconic continuum: issues of language transparency | p. 87 |
| The findings of LaMont West | p. 90 |
| The emergence of sign language linguistics | p. 95 |
| Summary | p. 97 |
| Comparative studies of historical linguistic relatedness | p. 99 |
| Research aims | p. 100 |
| The comparative method of linguistic reconstruction | p. 101 |
| Cross-linguistic studies of signed languages | p. 102 |
| Thresholds of historical relatedness | p. 107 |
| North American Indian Sign Language corpus | p. 109 |
| Preliminary studies | p. 122 |
| PISL and ASL lexical similarity | p. 124 |
| Discussion of results and implications | p. 127 |
| Summary, conclusion, and future research | p. 129 |
| Linguistic analysis of PISL | p. 133 |
| Phonology and phonetics | p. 133 |
| Morphology | p. 140 |
| PISL pronouns | p. 150 |
| Constructed action or dialogue | p. 151 |
| Syntax | p. 153 |
| The lexicon | p. 160 |
| Semantics | p. 167 |
| Summary of findings | p. 169 |
| Conclusions | p. 171 |
| PISL yesterday, today, and tomorrow | p. 171 |
| PISL compared with other signed languages | p. 174 |
| Emergent sign systems | p. 176 |
| The question of language youth | p. 178 |
| Types of sign language communities | p. 179 |
| Taxonomy of signed communication systems | p. 180 |
| Comparison of sign language types | p. 183 |
| Gesture studies | p. 184 |
| Conclusion | p. 186 |
| Myths about sign language | p. 188 |
| Sample annotations of signs featured in the illustrations | p. 191 |
| Introductions to films of the 1930 Indian Sign Language Council: transcription and translations | p. 197 |
| Glossary of key terms | p. 202 |
| Notes | p. 210 |
| References | p. 225 |
| Index | p. 240 |
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