Definition and the measurement of mass are fundamental to physics. Almost all the principles in physics are dependent on its definition and measurement.
Mass, according to the standard definition, appears to be representing the amount of matter inside an object irrespective of its shape and size. Matter is defined as the amount of basic particles within an object. When we measure or compare the mass of two objects in a balance scale, what we are comparing is the gravity of earth to each of these two objects as they were being pulled down, not the amount of matter inside them. Balance scale based measurement of mass is equating the amount of matter in an object to the gravity between that object and the earth.
If measurement of mass is simply a comparison of gravity then the concept of loss of mass or mass defect in nuclear reactions is simply decrease or loss of gravity of that object to earth. The number of basic particles before and after a nuclear reaction remains same but the amount of gravity they exert differs. If mass is the amount of basic particles in an object and the same number of these particles exert same gravity to the earth then there should not be any loss of gravity in nuclear reactions. There is a stark contrast between the balance scale based measurement of mass and the practical observation of variation in gravity between same amount of basic particles.
Practical observation of mass defect in nuclear reactions is an indication to the variation in gravity between same number of basic particles. Certainly, there is another factor influencing the gravity of an object other than the number of basic particles it contains. It is the volume in which the particles themselves were occupied.
According to the mass-energy principle, mass gets converted to binding energy within the nucleus. If all the matter in an object compressed to a point size, that object will have tremendous amount of binding energy and at the same time it will measure less mass due to the loss of mass that got converted to binding energy. So, even from this standard theory, we can deduce that the gravity of an object varies depending upon the volume of the object.
There is no common ground between the concepts of mass, matter, mass deficit and binding energy. This contradiction between the fundamental concepts related to mass is the main difficulty in unifying the physical forces.
Even though the definition of mass is being used for centuries, there is no experimental evidence for an object to have same amount of gravity to the earth irrespective of its size and shape. Unification of physical forces is simply in discarding the balance based measurement for the amount of matter inside an object with volume based measurement. Along with the mass, many other basic concepts like force, resultant force, and inverse square law are also flawed to the core.
This book analyses the very fundamentals of physics and proposes new theory based on the redefined new fundamental concepts. Gravity between two objects not only dependent on the distance between them but also on the size of the objects. Gravity of an object will increase when that object decreases in size. Pioneer anomaly is simply the additional gravity exerted by the sun when it appears like a point mass in the outskirts of the solar system. Concept of dark matter arose from the false theories based on the flawed fundamental concepts.
