| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Generalized Phase Contrast Method | p. 2 |
| From Phase Visualization to Wavefront Engineering | p. 3 |
| GPC-an Enabling Technology | p. 4 |
| GPC as Information Processor | p. 5 |
| References | p. 5 |
| Generalized Phase Contrast | p. 7 |
| Zernike Phase Contrast | p. 8 |
| Towards a Generalized Phase Contrast Method | p. 9 |
| References | p. 11 |
| Foundation of Generalized Phase Contrast: Mathematical Analysis of Common-Path Interferometers | p. 13 |
| Common-Path Interferometer: a Generic Phase Contrast Optical System | p. 13 |
| Field Distribution at the Image Plane of a CPI | p. 15 |
| Assumption on the Phase Object's Spatial Frequency Components | p. 16 |
| The SRW Generating Function | p. 18 |
| The Combined Filter Parameter | p. 21 |
| Summary and Links | p. 24 |
| References | p. 25 |
| Phasor Chart for CPI-Analysis | p. 27 |
| Input Phase to Output Intensity Mapping | p. 27 |
| Modified Phasor Chart Based on Complex Filter Parameter | p. 30 |
| Summary and Links | p. 32 |
| References | p. 33 |
| Wavefront Sensing and Analysis Using GPC | p. 35 |
| GPC Mapping for Wavefront Measurement | p. 36 |
| Optimal Unambiguous Intensity-to-Phase Mapping | p. 39 |
| Optimising the Linearity of the Intensity-to-Phase Mapping | p. 41 |
| Generalising Henning's Phase Contrast Method | p. 43 |
| Linear Phase-to-intensity Mapping over the Entire Phase Unity Circle | p. 46 |
| Accurate Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Generalized Phase Contrast | p. 49 |
| The Synthetic Reference Wave in Quantitative Phase Microscopy | p. 50 |
| Limitations of the Plane Wave Model of the SRW | p. 51 |
| GPC-Based Phase-Shifting Interferometry | p. 53 |
| Robustness of the GPC Model of the SRW | p. 55 |
| GPC-Based Quantitative Phase Imaging | p. 55 |
| Summary and Links | p. 58 |
| Reference | p. 59 |
| GPC-Based Wavefront Engineering | p. 61 |
| GPC Framework for Light Synthesis | p. 62 |
| Optimizing Light Efficiency | p. 64 |
| Dark Background Condition for a Lossless Filter | p. 65 |
| Optimal Filter Phase Shift | p. 66 |
| Optimal Input Phase Encoding | p. 66 |
| Phase Encoding for Binary Output Intensity Patterns | p. 68 |
| Ternary Input Phase Encoding | p. 68 |
| Binary Input Phase Encoding | p. 69 |
| Generalized Optimization for Light Synthesis | p. 71 |
| Dealing with SRW Inhomogeneity | p. 74 |
| Filter Aperture Correction | p. 74 |
| Input Phase Encoding Compensation | p. 76 |
| Input Amplitude Profile Compensation77 | |
| Generalized Phase Contrast with Rectangular Apertures | p. 80 |
| Phase-to-Intensicy Mapping | p. 81 |
| Approximating the Reference Wave | p. 83 |
| Projection Design Illustration | p. 84 |
| Comparison of Generalized Phase Contrast and Computer-Generated Holography for Laser Image Projection | p. 85 |
| Pattern Projection and Information Theory | p. 86 |
| Performance Benchmarks | p. 88 |
| Practical SLM Devices: Performance Constraints | p. 92 |
| Final Remarks | p. 95 |
| Wavelength Dependence of GPC-Based Pattern Projection | p. 95 |
| Summary and Links | p. 100 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Shaping Light by Generalized Phase Contrast | p. 103 |
| Binary Phase Modulation for Efficient Binary Projection | p. 104 |
| Experimental Demonstration | p. 105 |
| Ternary-Phase Modulation for Binary Array Illumination | p. 107 |
| Ternary-Phase Encoding | p. 108 |
| Experimental Results | p. 109 |
| Dynamically Reconfigurable Optical Lattices | p. 115 |
| Dynamic Optical Lattice Generation | p. 115 |
| Dynamic Optical Obstacle Arrays | p. 117 |
| Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection | p. 119 |
| Matching the Phase-to-Intensity Mapping Scheme to Device Constraints | p. 120 |
| Efficient Experimental Image Projection Using Practical Device Constraints | p. 122 |
| Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection with Next-Generation Devices | p. 124 |
| Reshaping Gaussian Laser Beams | p. 130 |
| Patterning Gaussian Beams with GPC as Phase-Only Aperture | p. 132 |
| Homogenizing the Output Intensity | p. 134 |
| Gaussian-to-F3attop Conversion | p. 137 |
| Achromatic Spatial Light Shaping and Image Projection | p. 140 |
| Summary and Links | p. 144 |
| References | p. 144 |
| GPC-Based Programmable Optical Micromanipulation | p. 151 |
| Multiple-Beam GPC-Trapping for Two-Dimensional Manipulation of Particles with Various Properties | p. 152 |
| Probing Growth Dynamics in Microbial Cultures of Mixed Yeast Species Using GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation | p. 164 |
| Three-Dimensional Trapping and Manipulation in a GPC System | p. 167 |
| Real-Time Autonomous 3D Control of Multiple Particles with Enhanced GPC Optical Micromanipulation System | p. 172 |
| GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation of Particles in Three Dimensions with Simultaneous Imaging in Two Orthogonal Planes | p. 176 |
| AJ1-GPC Scheme for Three-Dimensional Multi-Particle Manipulation Using a Single Spatial Light Modulator | p. 180 |
| GPC system with Two Parallel Input Beams | p. 181 |
| Single-SLM Full-GPC Optical Trapping System | p. 184 |
| GPC-Based Optical Actuation of Microfabricated Tools | p. 186 |
| Design and Fabrication of Micromachine Elements | p. 187 |
| Actuation of Microtools by Multiple Counterpropagating-Beam Traps | p. 188 |
| Autonomous Cell Handling by GPC in a Microfluidic Flow | p. 191 |
| Experimental Setup | p. 192 |
| Experimental Demonstration | p. 193 |
| Autonomous Assembly of Micropuzzles Using GPC | p. 197 |
| Design and Fabrication of Micropuzzle Pieces | p. 198 |
| Optical Assembly of Micropuzzle Pieces | p. 200 |
| Optical Forces in Three-Dimensional GPC-Trapping | p. 203 |
| Optical Forces on a Particle Illuminated by Counterpropagating Beams | p. 203 |
| Top-Hat Field Distribution and Propagation | p. 206 |
| Numerical Calculation of Force Curves | p. 207 |
| Summary and Links | p. 212 |
| References | p. 213 |
| Alternative GPC Schemes | p. 217 |
| GPC Using a Light-Induced Spatial Phase Filter | p. 218 |
| Self-Induced PCF on a Kerr Medium | p. 219 |
| Kerr Medium with Saturable Nonlinearity | p. 221 |
| Expetimental Demonstration | p. 224 |
| GPC Using a Variable Liquid-Crystal Filter | p. 226 |
| Experimental Demonstration | p. 228 |
| Multibeam-Illuminated GPC With a Plurality of Phase Filtering Regions | p. 229 |
| Miniaturized GPC Implementation via Planar Integrated Micro-Optics | p. 231 |
| Experimental Demonstration | p. 234 |
| GPC in Combination with Matched Filtering | p. 236 |
| The mGPC Method: Incorporating Optical Correlation into a GPC Filter | p. 237 |
| Optimizing the mGPC Method | p. 239 |
| Summary and Links | p. 244 |
| References | p. 245 |
| Reversal of the GPC Method | p. 247 |
| Amplitude Modulated Input in a Common-Path Interferometer | p. 248 |
| CPI Optimization for the Reverse Phase Contrast Method | p. 250 |
| Experimental Demonstration of Reverse Phase Contrast | p. 255 |
| Experimental Setup | p. 256 |
| Matching the Filter Size to the Input Aperture | p. 257 |
| RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using a Fixed Amplitude Mask | p. 258 |
| RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using an SLM as Dynamic Amplitude Mask | p. 262 |
| Reverse Phase Contrast Implemented on a High-Speed DMD | p. 263 |
| Setup | p. 264 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 266 |
| Summary and Links | p. 268 |
| References | p. 270 |
| Optical Encryption and Decryption | p. 273 |
| Phase-Only Optical Cryptography | p. 274 |
| Miniaturization of the GPC Method via Planar Integrated Micro-Optics | p. 276 |
| Miniaturized GPC Method for Phase-Only Optical Decryption | p. 278 |
| Phase Decryption in a Macro-Optical GPC | p. 280 |
| Envisioning a Fully Integrated Miniaturized System | p. 281 |
| Decrypting Binary Phase Patterns by Amplitude | p. 283 |
| Principles and Experimental Considerations | p. 284 |
| Numerical simulations | p. 291 |
| Summary and Links | p. 296 |
| References | p. 297 |
| Concluding Remarks and Outlook | p. 299 |
| Formulating Generalized Phase Contrast in a Common-Path Interferometer | p. 299 |
| Sensing and Visualization of Unknown Optical Phase | p. 300 |
| Synthesizing Customized Intensity Landscapes | p. 301 |
| Projecting Dynamic Light for Programmable Optical Trapping and Micromanipulation | p. 301 |
| Exploring Alternative Implementations | p. 302 |
| Creating Customized Phase Landscapes: Reversed Phase Contrast Effect | p. 303 |
| Utilizing GPC and RFC in Optical Cryptography | p. 303 |
| Gazing at the Horizon Through a Wider Window | p. 304 |
| Jones Calculus in Phases-Only Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators | p. 305 |
| Spatial Phase Modulation | p. 306 |
| Sparial Polarization Modulation | p. 307 |
| Spatial Polarization Modulation with Arbitrary Axis | p. 309 |
| Reference | p. 310 |
| Index | p. 311 |
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