Gender

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Hardcover | 8 July 1991

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384 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 2.54

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Gender is a fascinating category, central and pervasive in some languages and totally absent in others. In this new, comprehensive account of gender systems, over 200 languages are discussed, from English and Russian to Archi and Chichewa. Detailed analysis of individual languages provides clear illustrations of specific types of system. Gender distinction is often based on sex; sometimes this is only one criterion and the gender of nouns depends on other factors (thus 'house' is masculine in Russian, feminine in French and neuter in Tamil). Some languages have comparable distinctions such as human/non-human, animate/inanimate, where sex is irrelevant. No other textbook surveys gender across this range of languages. Gender will be invaluable both for class use and as a reference resource for students and researchers in linguistics.

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Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Linguistics Grammar, Syntax & Morphology Language Learning & Teaching Language Teaching & Learning Material & Coursework Grammar, Vocabulary & Pronunciation

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Published: 8th July 1991

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List of figures	p. xiii
List of tables	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
List of abbreviations	p. xix
introduction	p. 1
Gender in the languages of the world	p. 1
General approach and outline of the book	p. 2
Presentation of data	p. 6
gender assignment i: semantic systems	p. 7
Strict semantic systems	p. 8
Tamil and other Dravidian languages	p. 8
Other strict semantic systems	p. 11
Predominantly semantic systems	p. 13
Zande	p. 14
Dyirbal	p. 15
Ket	p. 19
Ojibwa and other Algonquian languages	p. 20
Lak and other Caucasian languages	p. 24
Other partially semantic systems	p. 29
The criteria on which semantic systems are based	p. 30
Conclusion	p. 32
gender assignment ii: formal systems	p. 33
Morphological systems	p. 34
Russian	p. 34
Swahili and other Bantu languages	p. 43
The features on which morphological systems are based	p. 49
Phonological systems	p. 51
Qafar	p. 51
Hausa	p. 52
Godie and other Kru languages	p. 53
Yimas	p. 55
French	p. 57
The features on which phonological systems are based	p. 62
General characteristics of assignment systems	p. 62
Overt and covert gender	p. 62
Overlapping of assignment criteria	p. 63
Problematic nouns	p. 66
Conclusion	p. 68
the psycholinguistic status of gender assignment	p. 70
Borrowings	p. 70
Assignment of borrowings by normal rules	p. 71
Claims for special assignment rules	p. 75
Child language acquisition	p. 82
Experimental evidence	p. 89
Residual meaning of gender	p. 92
Diachronic evidence	p. 97
Conclusion	p. 104
gender agreement	p. 105
Elements showing gender agreement	p. 106
The form of gender agreement	p. 115
The morphology of gender agreement	p. 115
Alliterative concord	p. 117
A complex example: Khinalug	p. 119
Limits on gender agreement	p. 123
Syntactic restrictions	p. 124
Interaction with tense	p. 125
Interaction with person	p. 126
Interaction with number	p. 132
Interaction with case	p. 132
Morphological class	p. 133
Phonological constraints	p. 134
Lexical restrictions	p. 134
Lack of agreement: classifiers	p. 136
The gaining and losing of gender agreement	p. 137
Conclusion	p. 143
establishing the number of genders	p. 145
Terms	p. 146
Agreement classes	p. 147
Controller genders and target genders	p. 150
The relation of gender and number	p. 154
Relation to semantics	p. 158
The relation of controller genders to target genders	p. 159
The maximalist problem	p. 161
Subgenders	p. 161
Overdifferentiated targets and pronominal gender systems	p. 168
Inquorate genders	p. 170
Defective nouns	p. 175
Consistent agreement patterns	p. 176
Combined gender systems	p. 184
Conclusion	p. 188
target genders: syncretism and enforced gender forms	p. 189
Gender and number	p. 189
Syncretism: further examples of convergent and crossed systems	p. 190
Types of syncretism	p. 194
Diachronic implications	p. 198
Neutral agreement	p. 203
The problem	p. 204
Strategy 1: the use of a regular gender/number form	p. 205
Strategy 2: the use of a unique neutral agreement form	p. 214
Extension of use of neutral agreement forms	p. 216
Neutral agreement: summing up	p. 217
Gender agreement with noun phrases involving reference problems	p. 218
Use of one possible form by convention	p. 219
Use of an 'evasive' form	p. 221
Use of a special form	p. 223
No strategy	p. 223
Conclusion	p. 223
hybrid nouns and the agreement hierarchy	p. 225
The Agreement Hierarchy	p. 225
Data	p. 226
Wider considerations	p. 236
Personal pronouns	p. 241
Diachrony	p. 248
Conclusion	p. 259
gender resolution rules	p. 261
Features requiring resolution	p. 262
Person resolution	p. 262
Number resolution	p. 263
Gender resolution	p. 264
The application of resolution rules	p. 264
Agreement with one conjunct	p. 265
Factors favouring resolution	p. 267
Semantic gender resolution	p. 269
Syntactic gender resolution	p. 279
Mixed semantic and syntactic gender resolution	p. 284
Strategies for gender resolution	p. 290
Markedness: an inadequate motivation	p. 290
Semantic justification and clear marking of plurality	p. 293
Diachrony	p. 299
Conclusion	p. 306
generalizations and prospects	p. 307
Meaning and form	p. 307
A perspective on gender systems	p. 307
Earlier research on gender	p. 308
Diachrony	p. 310
The rise of gender systems	p. 310
The development of gender systems	p. 312
The decline of gender systems	p. 315
Prospects	p. 318
Descriptive studies	p. 319
The function of gender	p. 320
Collaborative work	p. 323
References	p. 324
Author index	p. 352
Language index	p. 357
Subject index	p. 361
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Gender

At a Glance

Hardcover

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Other Editions and Formats

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