Flexible Electronics

Materials and Applications

By: William S. Wong (Editor), Alberto Salleo (Editor)

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Hardcover | 26 May 2009

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484 Pages

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Flexible-electronics is rapidly finding many main-stream applications where low-cost, ruggedness, light weight, unconventional form factors and ease of manufacturability are just some of the important advantages over their conventional rigid-substrate counterparts. Flexible Electronics: Materials and Applications surveys the materials systems and processes that are used to fabricate devices that can be employed in a wide variety of applications, including flexible flat-panel displays, medical image sensors, photovoltaics, and electronic paper. Materials discussed range from polymeric semiconductors to nanotube transparent conductors, highlighting the important characteristics of each system and their target applications. An overview of the performance benchmarks for the different materials is given in order to allow a direct comparison of these different technologies. Furthermore, the devices and processes most suitable for given applications in flexible electronics are identified.

Topics covered include:

An overview and history of flexible electronics

Novel materials for solution-processable thin-film electronic devices and their properties

Low-temperature processing of conventional materials and devices on plastic foils

Novel techniques, such as printing and roll-to-roll processing, for large-area flexible electronics manufacturing

Materials and device physics relevant to flexible electronics

Device integration on flexible substrates

Mechanical and electronic characteristics for thin-film transistors and nano-scale transparent conductors on flexible platforms

Applications towards flexible displays, sensors, actuators, solar energy, radio-frequency identification, and micro-electro-mechanical systems

Written by leading researchers in the field, Flexible Electronics: Materials and Applications serves as a reference for researchers, engineers, and students interested in the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of these exciting materials and emerging applications.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials

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Published: 8th December 2010

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Overview of Flexible Electronics Technology	p. 1
History of Flexible Electronics	p. 1
Materials for Flexible Electronics	p. 3
Degrees of Flexibility	p. 3
Substrates	p. 5
Backplane Electronics	p. 8
Frontplane Technologies	p. 12
Encapsulation	p. 16
Fabrication Technology for Flexible Electronics	p. 18
Fabrication on Sheets by Batch Processing	p. 18
Fabrication on Web by Roll-to-Roll Processing	p. 19
Additive Printing	p. 20
Outlook	p. 20
References	p. 20
Mechanical Theory of the Film-on-Substrate-Foil Structure: Curvature and Overlay Alignment in Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Devices Fabricated on Free-Standing Foil Substrates	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Theory	p. 32
The Built-in Strain	p. 35
Applications	p. 36
Strain in the Substrate, and the Film, at the Deposition Temperature	p. 36
Strain in the Substrate, and the Film, at Room Temperature	p. 38
Radius of Curvature R of the Workpiece	p. 42
Strain of the Substrate and the Curvature of the Workpiece for a Three-Layer Structure	p. 46
Experimental Results for a-Si:H TFTs Fabricated on Kapton	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 50
References	p. 50
Low-temperature Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Materials and Thin-film Transistors	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Low-temperature Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Materials	p. 55
Fundamental Issues for Low-temperature Processing	p. 55
Low-temperature Amorphous Silicon	p. 56
Low-temperature Nanocrystalline Silicon	p. 56
Low-temperature Dielectrics	p. 57
Characteristics of Low-temperature Dielectric Thin-film Deposition	p. 57
Low-temperature Silicon Nitride Characteristics	p. 57
Low-temperature Silicon Oxide Characteristics	p. 58
Low-temperature Thin-film Transistor Devices	p. 59
Device Structures and Materials Processing	p. 60
Low-temperature a-Si:H Thin-Film Transistor Device Performance	p. 61
Contacts to a-Si:H Thin-film Transistors	p. 62
Low-temperature Doped nc-Si Contacts	p. 64
Low-temperature nc-Si TFTs	p. 66
Device Stability	p. 67
Conclusions and Future Prospective	p. 70
References	p. 70
Amorphous Silicon: Flexible Backplane and Display Application	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Enabling Technologies for Flexible Backplanes and Displays	p. 76
Flexible Substrate Technologies	p. 76
TFT Technologies for Flexible Backplanes	p. 82
Display Media for Flexible Displays (LCD, Reflective-EP, OLED)	p. 89
Barrier Layers	p. 90
Flexible Active Matrix Backplane Requirements for OLED Displays	p. 91
Active Matrix Addressing	p. 92
Flexible AMOLED Displays Using a-Si TFT Backplanes	p. 95
Backplane Fabrication Using PEN Plastic Substrates	p. 95
Flexible OLED Display Fabrication	p. 98
Flexible AMOLED Display Fabrication with Thin-film Encapsulation	p. 100
Flexible Electrophoretic Displays Fabricated using a-Si TFT Backplanes	p. 102
Outlook for Low-Temperature a-Si TFT for Flexible Electronics Manufacturing	p. 102
References	p. 105
Flexible Transition Metal Oxide Electronics and Imprint Lithography	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
Previous Work	p. 108
Properties of Transistor Materials	p. 113
Semiconductors	p. 113
Dielectrics	p. 115
Contact Materials	p. 116
Device Structures	p. 117
Fabrication on Flexible Substrates	p. 119
Imprint Lithography	p. 120
Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography	p. 122
SAIL Transistor Results	p. 126
Summary of Imprint Lithography	p. 127
Flexible TMO Device Results	p. 128
Future Problems and Areas of Research	p. 133
Carrier Density Control	p. 134
Low-Temperature Dielectrics	p. 135
Etching of TMO Materials	p. 135
P-type TMO	p. 136
Stability	p. 136
Flexure and Adhesion of TMO	p. 137
Flexible Fabrication Method Yields	p. 137
Summary	p. 138
References	p. 139
Materials and Novel Patterning Methods for Flexible Electronics	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Materials Considerations for Flexible Electronics	p. 145
Overview	p. 145
Inorganic Semiconductors and Dielectrics	p. 145
Organic Semiconductors and Dielectrics	p. 146
Conductors	p. 149
Print-Processing Options for Device Fabrication	p. 150
Overview	p. 150
Control of Feature Sizes of Jet-Printed Liquids	p. 151
Jet-Printing for Etch-Mask Patterning	p. 153
Methods for Minimizing Feature Size	p. 154
Printing Active Materials	p. 156
Performance and Characterization of Electronic Devices	p. 157
Overview	p. 157
Bias Stress in Organic Thin-Film Transistors	p. 158
Nonideal Scaling of Short-Channel Organic TFTs	p. 163
Low-Temperature a-Si:H TFT Device Stability	p. 165
Low-temperature a-Si:H p-i-n Devices	p. 167
Printed Flexible Electronics	p. 170
Overview	p. 170
Digital Lithography for Flexible Image Sensor Arrays	p. 170
Printed Organic Backplanes	p. 172
Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 176
References	p. 176
Sheet-Type Sensors and Actuators	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Sheet-type Image Scanners	p. 184
Imaging Methods	p. 185
Device Structure and Manufacturing Process	p. 186
Electronic Performance of Organic Photodiodes	p. 190
Organic Transistors	p. 191
Photosensor Cells	p. 193
Issues Related to Device Processes: Pixel Stability and Resolution	p. 195
A Hierarchal Approach for Slow Organic Circuits	p. 196
The Double-Wordline and Double-Bitline Structure	p. 196
A New Dynamic Second-Wordline Decoder	p. 199
Higher Speed Operation with Lower Power Consumption	p. 199
New Applications and Future Prospects	p. 200
Sheet-Type Braille Displays	p. 201
Manufacturing Process	p. 201
Electronic Performance of Braille Cells	p. 204
Organic Transistor-based SRAM	p. 210
Reading Tests	p. 211
Future Prospects	p. 212
Summary	p. 212
References	p. 213
Organic and Polymeric TFTs for Flexible Displays and Circuits	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Important Organic TFT Parameters for Electronic Systems	p. 216
Field-Effect Mobility	p. 216
Threshold Voltage	p. 219
Subthreshold Swing	p. 220
Leakage Currents	p. 222
Contact Resistance	p. 222
Capacitances and Frequency Response	p. 223
TFT Nonuniformity	p. 225
Bias-Stress Instability and Hysteresis	p. 225
Active Matrix Displays	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Liquid Crystal and Electrophoretic Displays	p. 228
Active Matrix OLED Displays	p. 236
Introduction	p. 236
Using Organic TFTs for Electronic Circuits	p. 242
Thin-Film Transistor Circuits	p. 242
Frequency Limitations of OTFTs	p. 246
Integrated Display Drivers	p. 247
Radio Frequency Identification Tags	p. 248
Conclusion	p. 256
References	p. 256
Semiconducting Polythiophenes for Field-Effect Transistor Devices in Flexible Electronics: Synthesis and Structure Property Relationships	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Polymerization of Thiophene Monomers	p. 264
General Considerations	p. 264
Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Thiophene Polymers	p. 264
Poly(3-Alkylthiophenes)	p. 273
Electrical Properties	p. 275
Thin-film Device Processing and Morphology	p. 276
Doping and Oxidative Stability	p. 277
Polythiophene Structural Analogues	p. 279
Thienothiophene Polymers	p. 286
Poly(Thieno(2,3-b)Thiophenes)	p. 286
Poly(Thieno(3,2-b)Thiophenes)	p. 288
Summary	p. 292
References	p. 293
Solution Cast Films of Carbon Nanotubes for Transparent Conductors and Thin Film Transistors	p. 297
Introduction: Nanoscale Carbon for Electronics, the Value Proposition	p. 297
Carbon NT Film Properties	p. 298
Carbon Nanotubes: The Building Blocks	p. 298
Carbon Nanotube Network as an Electronic Material	p. 298
Electrical and Optical Properties of NT Films	p. 300
Doping and Chemical Functionalization	p. 304
Fabrication Technologies	p. 305
Solubilization	p. 306
Deposition	p. 306
Carbon NT Films as Conducting and Optically Transparent Material	p. 309
Network Properties: Sheet Conductance and Optical Transparency	p. 309
Applications: ITO Replacement	p. 312
Challenges and the Path Forward	p. 312
TFTs with Carbon Nanotube Conducting Channels	p. 313
Device Characteristics	p. 314
Device Parameters	p. 316
Challenges and the Path Forward	p. 323
Conclusions	p. 324
References	p. 325
Physics and Materials Issues of Organic Photovoltaics	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
Basic Operation	p. 329
Photocurrent	p. 331
Dark Current	p. 331
Organic and Hybrid Solar Cell Architectures	p. 332
Materials	p. 334
Light Absorption	p. 334
Exciton Harvesting	p. 338
Effects of Disorder	p. 340
Extrinsic Defects	p. 344
Measuring Exciton Harvesting	p. 344
Approaches to Overcome Small Diffusion Lengths	p. 347
Exciton Dissociation	p. 349
Dissociating Geminate Pairs	p. 351
Heterojunction Energy Offsets	p. 355
Charge Transport and Recombination	p. 357
Diffusion-Limited Recombination	p. 359
Interface-Limited (Back Transfer Limited) Recombination	p. 360
Measurements Relevant for Extracting Charge	p. 363
Nanostructures	p. 364
Efficiency Limits and Outlook	p. 367
References	p. 368
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells for Large-Area PV Fabrication on Flexible Substrates	p. 373
Introduction and Motivation	p. 373
Photovoltaics	p. 373
Technology Overview	p. 374
Motivation for Large-Area, Solution-Processable Photovoltaics	p. 375
The Concept of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells	p. 377
Basics of Organic Solar Cell Materials	p. 377
Fundamentals of Photovoltaics	p. 378
Understanding and Optimization of BHJ Composites	p. 385
Challenges for Large-Area Processing	p. 401
Production Scheme	p. 401
Encapsulation of Flexible Solar Cells	p. 404
Conclusions	p. 408
References	p. 409
Substrates and Thin-Film Barrier Technology for Flexible Electronics	p. 413
Introduction	p. 413
Barrier Requirements	p. 414
Generic Requirements	p. 416
Substrate-Specific Requirements	p. 417
Thin-Film Barrier Technology	p. 419
Historical Background	p. 419
Permeation Measurement Techniques	p. 420
Permeation Through Thin-Film Barriers	p. 426
Barrier-Device Integration	p. 437
Substrate and Barrier Compatibility with OLEDs	p. 437
Thin-Film Encapsulation	p. 440
Concluding Remarks	p. 442
References	p. 442
Index	p. 451
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Flexible Electronics

Materials and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

Other Editions and Formats

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