| Introduction to the Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series | p. ii |
| Foreword | p. xi |
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Contributors | p. xvii |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms | p. xx |
| Overview | p. xxi |
| Budgeting Institutions and Public Spending | p. 1 |
| Ex Ante Controls | p. 3 |
| Political Systems: Competition and Accountability | p. 6 |
| Limiting the Common Pool Problem: The Budgeting Process | p. 12 |
| Institutional Design of the Budgeting Process | p. 19 |
| Institutional Reform | p. 24 |
| Performance-Based Budgeting Reform: Progress, Problems, and Pointers | p. 31 |
| Introduction | p. 33 |
| Progress | p. 36 |
| Problems | p. 41 |
| Points for Proceeding | p. 52 |
| Conclusion | p. 66 |
| Simple Tools for Evaluating Revenue Performance in a Developing Country | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Concepts and Methodology | p. 73 |
| Database and Empirical Estimates | p. 78 |
| Summary of Conclusions and Policy Prescriptions | p. 80 |
| Evaluating Public Expenditures: Does It Matter How They Are Financed? | p. 83 |
| The Orthodox Tradition | p. 85 |
| The Marginal Cost of Public Funds | p. 92 |
| Are Public Funds Always Costly? | p. 93 |
| Efficiency and Equity | p. 96 |
| The Wicksellian Connection | p. 99 |
| Guidelines for Public Debt Management | p. 109 |
| What Is Public Debt Management and Why Is It Important? | p. 109 |
| Purpose of the Guidelines for Public Debt Management | p. 111 |
| Summary of the Debt Management Guidelines | p. 113 |
| Discussion of the Debt Management Guidelines | p. 117 |
| Looking Beyond the Budget Deficit | p. 151 |
| Debt and Deficit: Some Simple Algebra | p. 153 |
| Size of Hidden Deficits | p. 154 |
| Sources of Hidden Deficits | p. 158 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 160 |
| Addressing Contingent Liabilities and Fiscal Risk | p. 163 |
| Current Risk Exposures: Examples from New EU Member States | p. 169 |
| Public Risk in Private Infrastructure | p. 171 |
| Local Government Risk | p. 175 |
| Implications for Fiscal Management | p. 179 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 188 |
| On Measuring the Net Worth of a Government | p. 191 |
| The Three Dimensions of Government Value | p. 193 |
| Incentives Associated with Short-Run Evaluations and Concern for Government Value | p. 196 |
| Choosing Tools That Measure and Report on Net Worth in All Its Dimensions | p. 198 |
| Conclusion: Accounting and Reporting for Government Net Value | p. 204 |
| On Getting the Giant to Kneel: Approaches to a Change in the Bureaucratic Culture | p. 211 |
| Introduction | p. 211 |
| Why the Road to Reforms Remains a Field of Dreams in Developing Countries | p. 212 |
| The Genesis of Experiences of Industrial Countries | p. 216 |
| Results-Oriented Management and Evaluation Chain | p. 218 |
| Implications of ROME for Civil Service Reform | p. 219 |
| Experience with ROME | p. 221 |
| Beyond ROME: Measuring Performance When There Is No Bottom Line | p. 224 |
| Epilogue: ROME-A Road Map to Wrecks and Ruins or to a Better Tomorrow? | p. 225 |
| A Framework for Evaluating Institutions of Accountability | p. 229 |
| Why Institutions of Accountability Matter | p. 229 |
| Horizontal versus Vertical Accountability | p. 230 |
| Analytical Framework for Evaluating Institutions of Accountability-Working Model | p. 232 |
| Performance Indicators Related to Institutions of Accountability | p. 246 |
| Index | p. 251 |
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