| Characteristics of Optical Communication Networks | p. 1 |
| Optical Network Issues | p. 1 |
| Long-Haul Networks | p. 3 |
| WDM Networking | p. 4 |
| Connection Patterns | p. 6 |
| Optical Network Protection | p. 8 |
| Protection Schemes | p. 8 |
| Ring Protection | p. 10 |
| Optical Network Elements | p. 12 |
| Optical WDM Terminal Multiplexer | p. 12 |
| Optical WDM Add/Drop Multiplexers | p. 14 |
| Optical WDM Cross-Connects | p. 16 |
| References | p. 18 |
| The Optical Fibre | p. 21 |
| Introduction | p. 21 |
| Waveguiding Properties | p. 22 |
| Basic Concepts and Parameters | p. 22 |
| Basic Equations for the Step-Index Fibre | p. 27 |
| Graded-Index Fibres | p. 37 |
| Fibre Materials | p. 39 |
| Silicate Glasses | p. 39 |
| Plastics | p. 40 |
| Basic Optical Properties | p. 41 |
| Losses | p. 41 |
| Dispersion | p. 44 |
| Polarisation | p. 48 |
| Nonlinear Optical Properties | p. 50 |
| Stimulated Scattering Processes | p. 51 |
| Third-Order Nonlinear Parametric Processes | p. 57 |
| Photosensitivity | p. 60 |
| Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibres | p. 63 |
| Derivation of the Wave Equation for the Pulse Envelope | p. 63 |
| Solution of the Envelope Wave Equation: The Soliton | p. 65 |
| References | p. 67 |
| Transmitters | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Theory | p. 72 |
| Rate Equations for Single-Mode Operation | p. 72 |
| Material Properties | p. 76 |
| Steady-State Characteristics | p. 83 |
| Small-Signal Modulation Characteristics | p. 85 |
| Noise Properties | p. 89 |
| Basic Design of Semiconductor Laser Structures | p. 91 |
| Concepts of Lateral Confinement | p. 91 |
| Single-Mode Laser Structures | p. 94 |
| Coupled-Mode Theory | p. 96 |
| Basic Properties of Index-Coupled DFB Lasers | p. 98 |
| Advanced DFB Laser Structures | p. 102 |
| Gain-Coupled Lasers | p. 103 |
| Modelling of DFB Lasers | p. 103 |
| Tunable Lasers | p. 110 |
| External Cavity Laser (ECL) | p. 110 |
| ThermalTuning | p. 110 |
| Multisection DFB Laser | p. 111 |
| DBR Laser | p. 111 |
| Tunable Twin-Guide Laser (TTG) | p. 111 |
| Codirectionally Coupled Lasers (CCL) | p. 112 |
| Y-Laser | p. 113 |
| Superstructure Grating DBR Laser or Sampled Grating Laser (SSG-Laser) | p. 113 |
| Bent-Waveguide DFB Laser (BWL) | p. 114 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Optical Photodetectors | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| The PIN Photodiode | p. 117 |
| PIN Photodiode Operation | p. 117 |
| PIN Photodiode Characteristics | p. 120 |
| Edge-Illuminated PIN Photodiodes | p. 127 |
| Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes | p. 129 |
| The Avalanche Photodiode (APD) | p. 131 |
| Characteristics of APDs | p. 132 |
| APD Noise | p. 133 |
| Structures for Improved Noise Characteristics | p. 134 |
| Photodiodes | p. 136 |
| Silicon Photodiodes | p. 136 |
| InGaAs Photodiodes | p. 137 |
| Photoreceivers | p. 141 |
| Conventional Photoreceivers | p. 141 |
| Specific Photoreceivers | p. 144 |
| OEIC Photoreceivers | p. 144 |
| Conclusion | p. 147 |
| References | p. 148 |
| Optical Amplifiers | p. 151 |
| Optical Fibre Amplifiers | p. 152 |
| Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers | p. 152 |
| Other Fibre Amplifiers | p. 172 |
| Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers | p. 173 |
| Optical Gain in Compound Semiconductor Materials | p. 173 |
| Basic Heterojunction Device Structure | p. 175 |
| Rate Equations, Saturation Behaviour, Noise Figure | p. 177 |
| Effect of Optical Reflections (Gain Ripple) | p. 181 |
| Gain-Clamping | p. 183 |
| General Applications of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in Communication Systems | p. 184 |
| Digital Transmission Systems | p. 185 |
| WDM Systems | p. 188 |
| Analogue Transmission Systems | p. 189 |
| Other Applications | p. 189 |
| References | p. 191 |
| Passive and Active Glass Integrated Optics Devices | p. 197 |
| General Introduction | p. 197 |
| Passive Power Splitters | p. 199 |
| Splitters and Their Basic Functions | p. 199 |
| Computing Waveguide Modes | p. 201 |
| Tapers and Branches | p. 208 |
| Bends | p. 209 |
| 2 × 2 Splitters | p. 211 |
| P × N Star Couplers | p. 213 |
| Ion Exchange in Glass | p. 213 |
| Characterization Methods | p. 217 |
| Performance and Reliability of Commercial Devices | p. 222 |
| Integrated Optic Yb/Er Glass Amplifiers | p. 224 |
| Introduction | p. 224 |
| Rate Equations for Yb/Er Co-doping | p. 226 |
| Propagation Equations | p. 228 |
| The Power-Transfer Equation | p. 229 |
| Yb/Er Co-doping Enhances the Inversion | p. 232 |
| Effective Inversion Coefficients | p. 234 |
| Gain of a Co-doped Waveguide Section | p. 236 |
| Adverse Effects of High Rare-Earth Concentration | p. 239 |
| Technologies and Devices | p. 244 |
| Integrated Optic Er/Yb Laser Oscillators | p. 251 |
| Continuous Wave (CW) Operation | p. 251 |
| Experimental Soliton and Q-Switch Operation | p. 256 |
| References | p. 258 |
| Wavelength-Selective Devices | p. 262 |
| Introduction | p. 262 |
| Device Specifications | p. 265 |
| Fabry-Perot Interferometer Filters | p. 266 |
| Dielectric Interference Filters | p. 271 |
| Fibre Gratings | p. 273 |
| Grating-based Demultiplexers | p. 275 |
| PHASAR-based Devices | p. 281 |
| Introduction | p. 281 |
| Principle of Operation | p. 282 |
| Technologies | p. 283 |
| Device Characteristics | p. 284 |
| Wavelength Routeing Properties | p. 290 |
| Multiwavelength Transmitters and Receivers | p. 291 |
| Multiwavelength Add-Drop Multiplexers and Crossconnects | p. 292 |
| Integrated Acousto-Optical Devices in LiNbO3 | p. 296 |
| Introduction | p. 296 |
| Basic Building Blocks | p. 297 |
| Tunable Wavelength Filters | p. 301 |
| Wavelength-selective Switches and Add-Drop Multiplexers | p. 303 |
| Applications in WDM Systems | p. 306 |
| Outlook | p. 307 |
| References | p. 308 |
| Optical Switching | p. 313 |
| Introduction | p. 313 |
| Applications | p. 313 |
| Optical Component Characterization and Testing | p. 313 |
| Test Access | p. 316 |
| Telecommunications | p. 317 |
| Technologies | p. 322 |
| Non-interferometric Switches | p. 323 |
| Interferometric Switches | p. 332 |
| Summary | p. 336 |
| References | p. 336 |
| All-Optical Time-Division Multiplexing Technology | p. 338 |
| Role of All-Optical TDM Technology | p. 338 |
| Key Technologies for All-Optical TDM Systems | p. 339 |
| Ultrashort Optical Pulse Generation Technology | p. 339 |
| All-Optical MUX/DEMUX Technology | p. 346 |
| Optical Timing Extraction Technology | p. 357 |
| High-Speed Optical Waveform Measurement | p. 360 |
| Demonstration of OTDM and OTDM/WDM Transmission | p. 363 |
| 100-400 Gbit/s OTDM Transmission Experiment | p. 363 |
| 400 Gbit/sto3 Tbit/sOTDM/WDM Transmission Experiments | p. 367 |
| References | p. 369 |
| Optical Hybrid Integrated Circuits | p. 376 |
| Introduction | p. 376 |
| Key Technologies for Hybrid Integration | p. 378 |
| Platform for Hybrid Integration | p. 378 |
| Passive Alignment Technique | p. 381 |
| OE-device for Hybrid Integration | p. 386 |
| Contributions of Hybrid Integration to Optical Communication Technology | p. 389 |
| Application of Hybrid-Integration Technology | p. 389 |
| Optical Module for Fibre-optic Subscriber System | p. 390 |
| Optical Modules for WDM Applications | p. 396 |
| Optoelectronic Hybrid Modules for High-speed Applications | p. 401 |
| Future Prospects | p. 408 |
| Summary | p. 410 |
| References | p. 411 |
| Monolithic Integration | p. 414 |
| Introductory Remarks | p. 414 |
| Waveguides | p. 416 |
| Integrated Spot-Size Converters | p. 418 |
| Monolithic Laser Integration | p. 420 |
| Vertical Laser-Waveguide Coupling | p. 421 |
| Laser-Waveguide Butt Coupling | p. 422 |
| Laser-HBT Integration | p. 426 |
| Integrated Receiver | p. 427 |
| Crosstalk | p. 432 |
| Electrical Crosstalk | p. 432 |
| Optical Crosstalk | p. 434 |
| Thermal Crosstalk | p. 435 |
| Current Status of Optoelectronic Integration | p. 435 |
| Outlook | p. 441 |
| References | p. 442 |
| Biographical Notes | p. 449 |
| Index | p. 457 |
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