| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Complex Problem Solving in the Internet Age | p. 2 |
| Knowledge Intensive Problem Solving | p. 2 |
| Complexity Issues | p. 3 |
| Internet-Based Applications | p. 3 |
| Example Application Scenarios | p. 4 |
| Electronic Commerce | p. 4 |
| Diagnosis of Complex Technical Equipment | p. 5 |
| Electronics Design | p. 6 |
| Experience Reuse | p. 6 |
| Basic Scenarios of Experience Reuse | p. 7 |
| Expected Benefits of Experience Reuse | p. 8 |
| Experience Management | p. 9 |
| Knowledge Management | p. 9 |
| Experience Management versus Knowledge Management | p. 11 |
| Experience Management Activities | p. 12 |
| Experience Management Definition | p. 14 |
| Web Technologies for Experience Management | p. 14 |
| Representing and Storing Experience on the Web | p. 14 |
| Accessing Experience from the Web | p. 15 |
| Limitations of Information Access Approaches for Experience Reuse | p. 16 |
| Internet Technologies as Infrastructure for Experience Management | p. 17 |
| Methods for Experience Management on the Conceptual Level | p. 17 |
| Overview of This Book | p. 19 |
| The Topic in a Nutshell | p. 19 |
| Contributions from Recent Projects | p. 19 |
| Structure of the Book | p. 21 |
| Experience Management | p. 25 |
| Knowledge, Experience and Their Characteristics | p. 26 |
| Data, Information, and Knowledge | p. 26 |
| Specific and General Knowledge | p. 27 |
| Experience | p. 28 |
| Representation of Experience and Related Knowledge for Reuse | p. 28 |
| General Model for Experience Management | p. 30 |
| Problem Solving Cycle | p. 32 |
| Development and Maintenance Methodology | p. 34 |
| Related Models | p. 36 |
| Knowledge Management and Organizational Memory | p. 37 |
| Quality Improvement Paradigm and Experience Factory | p. 38 |
| The Case-Based Reasoning Cycle | p. 41 |
| Knowledge Representation for Experience Management | |
| Representing Experience | p. 47 |
| Cases for Representing Experience | p. 48 |
| Basic Case Structure | p. 48 |
| A First General Formalization of Cases | p. 49 |
| Utility of Experience | p. 50 |
| Representing Experience with Respect to Utility | p. 52 |
| Overview of Case Representation Approaches | p. 53 |
| The Textual Approach | p. 53 |
| The Conversational Approach | p. 54 |
| The Structural Approach | p. 55 |
| Comparing the Different Approaches | p. 57 |
| Effort Required for the Different Approaches | p. 57 |
| Focus on the Structural Approach | p. 60 |
| Formalizing Structural Case Representations | p. 61 |
| Attribute-Value Representation | p. 61 |
| Object-Oriented Representations | p. 63 |
| Graph Representations | p. 67 |
| Predicate Logic Representations | p. 69 |
| Relation to the General Definition | p. 70 |
| Comparing Different Structural Case Representation Approaches | p. 71 |
| Generalized Cases | p. 73 |
| Extensional Definition of Generalized Cases | p. 74 |
| Different Kinds of Generalized Cases | p. 74 |
| Representation of Generalized Cases | p. 75 |
| Hierarchical Representations and Abstract Cases | p. 78 |
| Advantages of Abstract Cases | p. 78 |
| Levels of Abstraction | p. 79 |
| Kind of Cases | p. 80 |
| Languages for Structural Case Representations | p. 81 |
| Common Case Representation Language CASUEL | p. 81 |
| The XML-based Orenge Modeling Language OML | p. 85 |
| Choice of the Vocabulary | p. 90 |
| Characterization Part | p. 90 |
| Lesson Part | p. 91 |
| Choice of Types | p. 91 |
| Assessing Experience Utility | p. 93 |
| Approximating Utility with Similarity | p. 94 |
| Traditional View of Case-Based Reasoning | p. 94 |
| Extended View | p. 95 |
| Similarity Measures | p. 96 |
| Relations between Similarity and Utility | p. 96 |
| General Considerations Concerning Similarity and Distance | p. 100 |
| Distance Measures | p. 100 |
| Possible Properties of Similarity Measures | p. 101 |
| Similarity and Fuzzy Sets | p. 102 |
| Similarity Measures for Attribute-Value Representations | p. 103 |
| Simple Measures for Binary Attributes | p. 103 |
| Simple Measures for Numerical Attributes | p. 105 |
| TheLocal-Global Principle | p. 106 |
| Local Similarity Measures for Numeric Attributes | p. 107 |
| Local Similarity Measures for Unordered and Totally Ordered Symbolic Attributes | p. 110 |
| Taxonomically Ordered Symbolic Types | p. 111 |
| Global Similarity Measures | p. 120 |
| Similarity Measures for Object-Oriented Representations | p. 122 |
| Example Use of Class Hierarchies and Object Similarities | p. 123 |
| Computing Object Similarities | p. 125 |
| Handling Multi-value Attributes | p. 129 |
| Related Approaches | p. 131 |
| Similarity Measures for Graph Representations | p. 131 |
| Graph Matching | p. 132 |
| Graph Editing | p. 134 |
| Similarity Measures for Predicate Logic Representations | p. 135 |
| Treating Atomic Formulas as Binary Attributes | p. 135 |
| Similarity between Atomic Formulas | p. 135 |
| Similarity through Logical Inference | p. 137 |
| Similarity for Generalized Cases | p. 137 |
| Canonical Extension of a Similarity Measure | p. 137 |
| The General Problem of Similarity Assessment | p. 138 |
| Representing Knowledge for Adaptation | p. 141 |
| Rule-Based Representations | p. 142 |
| Different Kinds of Rules | p. 142 |
| Formalization for Rules in an Object-Oriented Framework | p. 144 |
| An Example | p. 147 |
| Operator-Based Representations | p. 149 |
| Basic Approach | p. 149 |
| Representation | p. 150 |
| Restricting Adaptability with Consistency Constraints | p. 151 |
| Generalized Cases | p. 152 |
| Methods for Experience Management | |
| User Communication | p. 155 |
| Introduction to User Interaction | p. 156 |
| A Basic Communication Architecture | p. 156 |
| Requirements | p. 158 |
| Distribution between Client and Server Side | p. 160 |
| A Formal Dialog Model | p. 162 |
| Overview | p. 162 |
| Dialog Situation | p. 163 |
| Dialog Interactions | p. 163 |
| Dialog Strategy and Its Execution | p. 164 |
| Predefined Static Dialog | p. 165 |
| Three-Step Questionnaire-Based Problem Acquisition | p. 165 |
| Static Domain Specific Dialogs | p. 166 |
| Dynamic and Adaptable Strategies | p. 169 |
| Criteria for Attribute Selection | p. 170 |
| Compiling Dialog Strategies | p. 176 |
| Dynamically Interpreted Strategies | p. 179 |
| Learning from User Interaction | p. 180 |
| Experience Presentation | p. 180 |
| Simple Lesson Lists | p. 181 |
| Experience Lists with External Links | p. 182 |
| Adding Similarity Explanations | p. 182 |
| Adaptive Experience Presentation | p. 185 |
| Experience Retrieval | p. 187 |
| General Considerations | p. 188 |
| Formal Retrieval Task | p. 188 |
| Storing Case Data in Databases | p. 189 |
| Overview of Approaches | p. 190 |
| Sequential Retrieval | p. 191 |
| Indexing by kd-Tree Variants | p. 192 |
| The Standard kd-Tree | p. 192 |
| The Inreca Tree | p. 193 |
| Building the Inreca Tree | p. 195 |
| Retrieval with the Inreca-Tree | p. 197 |
| Properties of kd-Tree Based Retrieval | p. 200 |
| Fish and Shrink Retrieval | p. 200 |
| BasicIdea | p. 201 |
| Retrieval Algorithm | p. 202 |
| Properties ofFish and Shrink | p. 205 |
| Case Retrieval Nets | p. 206 |
| The Case Retrieval Net Index Structure | p. 206 |
| The Retrieval Algorithm | p. 208 |
| Properties of Case Retrieval Nets | p. 209 |
| SQL Approximation | p. 210 |
| The Basic Idea | p. 210 |
| The Retrieval Algorithm | p. 212 |
| Properties of SQL Approximation | p. 215 |
| Summary | p. 216 |
| Experience Adaptation | p. 219 |
| Overview and Characterization of Different Adaptation Approaches | p. 220 |
| The Continuum of Adaptation Models | p. 220 |
| Generative Adaptation | p. 222 |
| Compositional Adaptation | p. 224 |
| Hierarchical Adaptation | p. 225 |
| Adaptation for Experience Management for Complex Problem Solving | p. 225 |
| Theory of Transformational Adaptation | p. 225 |
| Experience Transformations | p. 226 |
| The Experience Transformation Process | p. 227 |
| Similarity Measures in the Context of Experience Transformations | p. 228 |
| Relation to Rewrite Systems | p. 229 |
| Relation to Generalized Cases | p. 229 |
| Adaptation with Explicit Transformation Knowledge | p. 230 |
| Rule-Based Adaptation | p. 230 |
| Interactive Operator-Based Adaptation | p. 231 |
| Incremental Compositional Adaptation | p. 232 |
| Highly Structured Problems | p. 233 |
| Compositional Approach | p. 233 |
| The Adaptation Cycle | p. 236 |
| Controlling the Adaptation Cycle | p. 238 |
| Adaptation as Hill-Climbing Search | p. 239 |
| Developing and Maintaining Experience Management Applications | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 242 |
| General Purpose of a Methodology | p. 242 |
| Methodology for Experience Management | p. 243 |
| Contributions to Methodology Development | p. 243 |
| INRECA Methodology Overview | p. 244 |
| Process Modeling | p. 245 |
| Experience Captured in Software Process Models | p. 247 |
| The INRECA Experience Base | p. 247 |
| Process Modeling in INRECA | p. 249 |
| Technical, Organizational, and Managerial Processes | p. 249 |
| Interaction among Processes | p. 250 |
| Combining Processes to Process Models | p. 251 |
| Generic and Specific Descriptions | p. 252 |
| The Common Generic Level | p. 253 |
| Overview | p. 253 |
| Managerial Processes | p. 255 |
| Technical Processes: Software Development | p. 257 |
| Organizational Processes | p. 259 |
| Documenting the INRECA Experience | p. 261 |
| Process Description Sheets | p. 262 |
| Product Description Sheets | p. 263 |
| Simple Method Description Sheets | p. 265 |
| Complex Method Description Sheets | p. 267 |
| Reusing and Maintaining INRECA Experience | p. 267 |
| The INRECA Reuse Procedure | p. 269 |
| Relations to the EMM Problem Solving Cycle | p. 270 |
| Development and Maintenance of the INRECA Experience Base | p. 271 |
| Tool Support for the INRECA Methodology | p. 272 |
| INRECA Experience Modeling Methodology Tool | p. 273 |
| Knowledge Modeling Tools | p. 275 |
| Experience Management Application Areas | |
| Experience Management for Electronic Commerce | p. 281 |
| Introduction to the Electronic Commerce Scenario | p. 282 |
| Electronic Commerce Definition | p. 282 |
| Transaction Model | p. 282 |
| Knowledge Involved in Electronic Commerce | p. 284 |
| Opportunities for Experience Management Support | p. 285 |
| Analyzing Pre-sales Scenarios | p. 287 |
| Customer Wishes | p. 287 |
| Products | p. 289 |
| Experience Representation for Product Search | p. 290 |
| WEBSELL: A Generic Electronic Commerce Architecture | p. 293 |
| Pathways Server and Dialog Components | p. 294 |
| Case-Based Retrieval | p. 295 |
| Collaborative Recommendation | p. 295 |
| Customization | p. 297 |
| Methodology Recipe for Electronic Commerce | p. 298 |
| Requirements Acquisition | p. 298 |
| Knowledge Modeling | p. 300 |
| GUI Development | p. 301 |
| Implement CBR Retrieval Engine | p. 302 |
| Integrate CBR and GUI | p. 303 |
| Application Overview | p. 303 |
| Application: Product Catalog for Operational Amplifiers | p. 304 |
| Vocabulary and User Interface | p. 306 |
| Benefit Analysis | p. 306 |
| Application: Customization of Electro-mechanical Components | p. 310 |
| Vocabulary, Retrieval, Customization, and User Interface | p. 310 |
| Benefit Analysis | p. 311 |
| Experience Management for Self-Service and Help-Desk Support | p. 315 |
| Introduction | p. 316 |
| Structure and Representation of the Experience Base | p. 317 |
| Object-Oriented Representation | p. 317 |
| Case Structure | p. 317 |
| Partitioning the Experience Base | p. 319 |
| User and Roles | p. 319 |
| Overall Architecture | p. 320 |
| The Server | p. 321 |
| The HOMER Client | p. 322 |
| Hotline Component | p. 322 |
| Create a New Problem Description | p. 322 |
| Retrieving Problem Solutions | p. 325 |
| Feedback from Problem Solving | p. 325 |
| Methodology Recipe for Help-Desk Applications | p. 327 |
| Managerial Processes during System Development | p. 327 |
| Organizational Processes during System Development | p. 329 |
| Technical Processes during System Development | p. 332 |
| Managerial Processes during System Use | p. 335 |
| Organizational Processes during System Use | p. 335 |
| Technical Processes during System Use | p. 336 |
| Process Model for a Help-Desk Project | p. 338 |
| Evaluation of HOMER | p. 341 |
| Benefits for the Help-Desk Operators | p. 342 |
| Evaluation of the Methodology Recipe | p. 343 |
| Summary | p. 346 |
| Experience Management for Electronic Design Reuse | p. 347 |
| Electronic Design Reuse | p. 348 |
| Intellectual Properties | p. 348 |
| IP Reuse | p. 349 |
| Existing IP Reuse Support | p. 349 |
| Challenges of Experience Management for IP Reuse | p. 351 |
| Representation of Intellectual Properties | p. 352 |
| IP Taxonomy | p. 352 |
| IP Attributes | p. 353 |
| IP Representation as Generalized Cases | p. 355 |
| An Example IP | p. 355 |
| Descriptions of Design Problems and Reuse-Related Knowledge | p. 358 |
| Problem Descriptions | p. 358 |
| Similarity Measures | p. 358 |
| The READEE Prototype for DSP Selection | p. 361 |
| Issues ofFuture Research | p. 363 |
| List of Symbols | p. 365 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Index | p. 391 |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |