| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Motivations | p. 1 |
| Audience | p. 3 |
| Structure | p. 3 |
| Outline | p. 3 |
| Who are the authors? | p. 5 |
| Conventions | p. 6 |
| Acknowledgements | p. 6 |
| Choosing on the basis of several opinions | p. 7 |
| Analysis of some voting systems | p. 9 |
| Uninominal election | p. 9 |
| Election by rankings | p. 13 |
| Some theoretical results | p. 16 |
| Modelling the preferences of a voter | p. 18 |
| Rankings | p. 19 |
| Fuzzy relations | p. 22 |
| Other models | p. 23 |
| The voting process | p. 24 |
| Definition of the set of candidates | p. 24 |
| Definition of the set of the voters | p. 25 |
| Choice of the aggregation method | p. 25 |
| Social choice and multiple criteria decision support | p. 25 |
| Analogies | p. 25 |
| Conclusions | p. 27 |
| Building and aggregating evaluations | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Motivation | p. 29 |
| Evaluating students in Universities | p. 30 |
| Grading students in a given course | p. 31 |
| What is a grade? | p. 31 |
| The grading process | p. 32 |
| Interpreting grades | p. 37 |
| Why use grades? | p. 40 |
| Aggregating grades | p. 41 |
| Rules for aggregating grades | p. 41 |
| Aggregating grades using a weighted average | p. 43 |
| Conclusions | p. 52 |
| Constructing measures | p. 53 |
| The human development index | p. 54 |
| Scale Normalisation | p. 56 |
| Compensation | p. 57 |
| Dimension independence | p. 58 |
| Scale construction | p. 59 |
| Statistical aspects | p. 60 |
| Air quality index | p. 61 |
| Monotonicity | p. 62 |
| Non compensation | p. 62 |
| Meaningfulness | p. 63 |
| The decathlon score | p. 64 |
| Role of the decathlon score | p. 66 |
| Indicators and multiple criteria decision support | p. 67 |
| Conclusions | p. 70 |
| Assessing competing projects | p. 73 |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| The principles of CBA | p. 75 |
| Choosing between investment projects in private firms | p. 75 |
| From Corporate Finance to CBA | p. 77 |
| Theoretical foundations | p. 79 |
| Some examples in transportation studies | p. 82 |
| Prevision of traffic | p. 82 |
| Time gains | p. 83 |
| Security gains | p. 84 |
| Other effects and remarks | p. 85 |
| Conclusions | p. 86 |
| Comparing on several attributes | p. 91 |
| Thierry's choice | p. 91 |
| Description of the case | p. 92 |
| Reasoning with preferences | p. 95 |
| The weighted sum | p. 102 |
| Transforming the evaluations | p. 102 |
| Using the weighted sum on the case | p. 103 |
| Is the resulting ranking reliable? | p. 104 |
| The difficulties of a proper usage of the weighted sum | p. 105 |
| Conclusion | p. 109 |
| The additive value model | p. 110 |
| Direct methods for determining single-attribute value functions | p. 111 |
| AHP and Saaty's eigenvalue method | p. 115 |
| An indirect method for assessing single-attribute value functions and trade-offs | p. 122 |
| Conclusion | p. 128 |
| Outranking methods | p. 129 |
| Condorcet-like procedures in decision analysis | p. 129 |
| A simple outranking method | p. 134 |
| Using ELECTRE I on the case | p. 135 |
| Main features and problems of elementary outranking approaches | p. 144 |
| Advanced outranking methods: from thresholding towards valued relations | p. 146 |
| General conclusion | p. 149 |
| Deciding automatically | p. 153 |
| Introduction | p. 153 |
| A System with Explicit Decision Rules | p. 155 |
| Designing a decision system for automatic watering | p. 156 |
| Linking symbolic and numerical representations | p. 156 |
| Interpreting input labels as scalars | p. 159 |
| Interpreting input labels as intervals | p. 161 |
| Interpreting input labels as fuzzy intervals | p. 167 |
| Interpreting output labels as (fuzzy) intervals | p. 171 |
| A System with Implicit Decision Rules | p. 176 |
| Controlling the quality of biscuits during baking | p. 176 |
| Automatising human decisions by learning from examples | p. 178 |
| An hybrid approach for automatic decision-making | p. 181 |
| Conclusion | p. 183 |
| Dealing with uncertainty | p. 185 |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| The context | p. 185 |
| The model | p. 186 |
| The set of actions | p. 186 |
| The set of criteria | p. 187 |
| Uncertainties and scenarios | p. 188 |
| The temporal dimension | p. 190 |
| Summary of the model | p. 192 |
| A didactic example | p. 192 |
| The expected value approach | p. 193 |
| Some comments on the previous approach | p. 193 |
| The expected utility approach | p. 195 |
| Some comments on the expected utility approach | p. 197 |
| The approach applied in this case: first step | p. 198 |
| Comment on the first step | p. 202 |
| The approach applied in this case: second step | p. 205 |
| Conclusions | p. 207 |
| Supporting decisions | p. 211 |
| Preliminaries | p. 212 |
| The Decision Process | p. 213 |
| Decision Support | p. 216 |
| Problem Formulation | p. 217 |
| The Evaluation Model | p. 219 |
| The final recommendation | p. 225 |
| Conclusions | p. 233 |
| Appendix A | p. 235 |
| Appendix B | p. 238 |
| Conclusion | p. 243 |
| Formal methods are all around us | p. 243 |
| What have we learned? | p. 246 |
| What can be expected? | p. 249 |
| Bibliography | p. 253 |
| Index | p. 269 |
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