Ethics Part II

By: Benedictus De Spinoza

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Paperback | 1 October 2025

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46 Pages

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21.6 x 14.0 x 0.28

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Ethics Part II continues his systematic exploration of metaphysics, focusing on the nature and origin of the human mind. Building on the foundations laid in Part 1, this section examines the relationship between thought and extension, emphasizing how the human mind perceives and understands reality through its connection with the body. The text begins with precise definitions and propositions, employing Spinoza's geometric method to establish philosophical clarity. Key concepts such as body, idea, and adequate idea are introduced, framing the argument that thought is an attribute of God and that the human mind, as a mode of thought, experiences reality through ideas shaped by bodily interaction. The opening propositions highlight the inseparability of mind and body, illustrating how consciousness and knowledge arise from their interrelation. By exploring the essence of human thought in a rigorous, methodical manner, it lays the groundwork for deeper investigations into perception, knowledge, and the capacity for understanding, offering a rational framework for approaching human cognition within Spinoza's broader metaphysical system.

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