Preface xiii
Part I Overview 1
1 Systems Projects and Management 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Systems and Projects 3
1.3 Problems in Managing Engineering Projects 12
1.4 The Systems Approach 17
1.5 The Project Organization 21
1.6 Organizational Environments and Factors 25
1.7 Large-Scale Organization and Management Issues 33
Questions/Exercises 38
References 39
2 Overview of Essentials 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Project Management Essentials 41
2.3 Systems Engineering Process and Management Essentials 45
2.4 Historical Overview of Acquisition Notions 49
2.5 Selected Standards 53
Questions/Exercises 66
References 67
Part II Project Management 69
3 The Project Plan 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Needs, Goals, Objectives, and Requirements 72
3.3 Task Statements, Statement of Work (SOW), and Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 78
3.4 Technical Approach 80
3.5 Schedule 83
3.6 Organization, Staffing, and Task Responsibility Matrix (TRM) 86
3.7 Budget 86
3.8 Risk Analysis 90
3.9 The Proposal 92
3.10 SEMP and SEP 92
Questions/Exercises 95
References 96
4 Schedule, Cost, and Situation Analysis 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Schedule Analysis and Monitoring 100
4.3 Cost Analysis and Monitoring 104
4.4 Situation Analysis (SA) 122
Questions/Exercises 128
References 130
5 The Project Manager and Leadership 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Project Manager Attributes 132
5.3 Self-Evaluation 139
5.4 Interactions with Your Supervisor 147
5.5 Customer Interaction 151
5.6 Leadership 152
Questions/Exercises 157
References 158
6 Team Building and Team Interactions 159
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Communications 160
6.3 Building the Project Team 162
6.4 Team Busters 166
6.5 Conflict Management 168
6.6 Meetings 171
6.7 Presentations 173
6.8 Proposals 176
6.9 A Note on Motivation and Incentives 182
6.10 Another Team-Related Perspective 184
6.11 Group Processes 187
Questions/Exercises 189
References 190
Part III Systems Engineering and Management 191
7 The Thirty Elements of Systems Engineering 191
7.1 Overview of the Systems Approach and Engineering Process 193
7.2 Two Systems Engineering Perspectives 194
7.3 The Thirty Elements of Systems Engineering 199
7.4 The Importance of Domain Knowledge in Systems Engineering 230
Questions/Exercises 231
References 231
8 Requirements Analysis and Allocation 233
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 Department of Defense (DOD) Perspectives 234
8.3 A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Perspective 237
8.4 The Organization of Requirements Statements 238
8.5 Specific Requirements Statements 242
8.6 Essential Steps of Requirements Analysis 244
8.7 Derived and Allocated Requirements 248
8.8 Other Requirements Issues 251
Questions/Exercises 255
References 256
9 Systems Architecting: Principles 257
9.1 Introduction 257
9.2 A View of Systems Architecting 258
9.3 A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Perspective 259
9.4 Architecture Descriptions 261
9.5 Essential Steps of System Architecting 269
9.6 The 95% Solution 286
9.7 Trade-Offs and Sensitivity Analyses 287
9.8 Modeling and Simulation 293
9.9 Other Architectures and Tools 297
9.10 Summary 300
Questions/Exercises 301
References 302
10 Software Engineering 305
10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 Standards 306
10.3 Software Management Strategies 313
10.4 Capability Maturity 316
10.5 Metrics 319
10.6 The Systems Engineer and Software Engineering 329
10.7 Summary 332
Questions/Exercises 333
References 334
11 Selected Quantitative Relationships 337
11.1 Introduction 337
11.2 Basic Probability Relationships 338
11.3 The Binomial Distribution 345
11.4 The Poisson Distribution 346
11.5 The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 347
11.6 The Uniform Distribution 349
11.7 The Exponential Distribution 350
11.8 The Rayleigh Distribution 351
11.9 Error Analyses 352
11.10 Radar Signal Detection 353
11.11 System Reliability 357
11.12 Software Reliability 361
11.13 Availability 361
11.14 A Least Squares Fit 362
11.15 Summary 363
Questions/Exercises 365
References 366
Part IV Trends, Perspectives, and Integrative Management 367
12 Systems/Software Engineering and Project Management Trends 369
12.1 Introduction 369
12.2 Systems Engineering Trends 369
12.3 Software Engineering Trends 386
12.4 Project Management Trends 400
Questions/Exercises 404
References 404
13 Selected New Perspectives 409
13.1 Introduction 409
13.2 Role of INCOSE 409
13.3 Acquisition of Systems 410
13.4 Problems in Systems and Software 418
13.5 Integration of Systems 419
Questions/Exercises 430
References 431
14 Integrative Management 433
14.1 Introduction 433
14.2 Managers as Integrators 434
14.3 Teams as Integrators 435
14.4 Plans as Integrators 437
14.5 The Systems Approach as Integrator 439
14.6 Methods and Standards as Integrators 440
14.7 Information Systems as Integrators 441
14.8 Enterprises as Integrators 442
14.9 Thinking Outside the Box 443
14.10 Summary 447
Questions/Exercises 447
References 448
Appendix: Systems Architecting—Cases 451
A.1 Introduction 451
A.2 A Logistics Support System (Case 1) 452
A.3 A Software Defects Assessment System (Case 2) 457
A.4 A Systems Engineering Environment (Case 3) 462
A.5 An Anemometry System (Case 4) 470
A.6 Summary 480
References 480
Index 481
