About the Authors xiii
1 Introduction 1
Fundamental Concepts 1
Sources 6
Tellegen’s Theorem 8
Problems 9
2 The Basic Laws of Circuit Analysis 18
Introduction 18
Ohm’s Law 18
Kirchhoff’s Laws 22
Single-Loop Circuits 26
Voltage Division 29
Single Node-Pair Circuits 30
Current Division 32
Resistor Combinations 33
Simple Network Analysis 38
Circuits with Dependent Sources 41
Problems 43
3 Circuit Analysis Techniques 57
Nodal Analysis 57
Loop/Mesh Analysis 68
Nodal Analysis versus Mesh/Loop Analysis 73
Superposition 79
Thevenin’s Theorem 80
Maximum Power Transfer 83
Problems 86
4 Transient Analysis 94
Introduction 94
Storage Elements 94
Capacitors 94
Inductors 97
Capacitor/Inductor Characteristics 99
First-Order Transient Circuits 99
Second-Order Transient Circuits 114
Problems 123
5 AC Steady-State Analysis 135
The AC Forcing Function 135
The Network Response to Sinusoidal Forcing Functions 138
Phasor Relationships for the RLC Circuit Components 141
Impedance and Admittance 142
Analysis Techniques 149
Problems 159
6 Variable-frequency Network Characteristics 170
Sinusoidal Frequency Response 170
Passive Filter Networks 174
Low-Pass Filters 174
High-Pass Filters 175
Bandpass Filters 176
Band Elimination/Rejection Filters 178
Resonance 182
Series Resonance 184
Parallel Resonance 190
Problems 198
7 Single-phase Steady-state Power Analysis 206
Instantaneous Power 206
Average Power 208
Maximum Average Power Transfer 212
RMS Values 214
Power Factor 217
Complex Power 218
Power Factor Correction 224
Problems 226
8 The Electric Power System 238
The Electric Power System Structure 238
Generation 238
Transformation – Low Voltage to High Voltage 241
Transmission 241
Transformation—High Voltage to Low Voltage 241
Distribution 242
Magnetic Circuit Fundamentals 244
Generators 247
Power Transmission 249
Electric/Magnetic Circuit Analogy 249
Mutual Inductance 250
Ideal Transformers 255
Three-Phase Circuits 258
The Balanced Wye–Wye Connection 260
The Balanced Wye–Delta Connection 262
Three-Phase Power 263
Problems 264
9 Diodes Semiconductors and Applications 273
Introduction to Modern Electronics 273
The Diode and its Basic Characteristics 273
Introduction to Semiconductors 274
How a p–n Junction Diode Works 275
The Ideal Diode Model 277
Rectifier Circuits and Power Supplies 279
Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits 280
Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits 281
Power Supply Filters 283
Clipping and Clamping Circuits 284
Real Silicon Diodes 286
Special-Purpose Diodes 289
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 289
Schottky Diodes 290
Introduction to Load Line Analysis 290
Problems 291
10 Operational Amplifiers and Applications 304
Introduction 304
Differential Amplifiers 305
The Ideal OP Amp 306
Basic Operational Amplifier Configurations 308
The Noninverting OP Amp 308
The Unity-Gain Buffer 309
The Inverting OP Amp 310
The Difference Amplifier or Differential Amplifier 311
The Summing OP Amp 313
Current-to-Voltage Converter 314
The Integrator 315
The Differentiator 317
Application Circuits with Frequency Dependence (Filters) 318
Low-Pass Filters 319
High-Pass Filters 320
Bandpass Filters 321
Multistage Amplifier Circuits 322
Problems 323
11 Analog Electronics 337
Introduction 337
Transistors 337
Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 339
MOSFET Device Operation 341
The Output Characteristic Curves 342
Operational Modes 342
MOSFET Biasing Techniques 343
Small-Signal Analysis of MOSFET Circuits 348
Bipolar Junction Transistors 354
BJT Structure 355
BJT Device Operation 356
The Output Characteristic Curves for BJTs 358
BJT Biasing Techniques 362
Small-Signal Analysis 365
Problems 371
12 Digital Electronics and Logic Circuits 383
Introduction 383
The Binary Number System 383
Boolean Algebra 385
Boolean Functions in Canonical Form 386
Boolean Function Minimization 389
Logic Gates for Function Realization 393
Implementation of Logic Gates with Circuits 395
NMOS 396
CMOS (Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) 398
The CMOS Inverter 399
CMOS NAND Gates and NOR Gates 400
Combinational Logic Circuits 402
Sequential Logic Circuits 406
State Diagrams and State Tables 407
Memory Devices 408
Analyzing Synchronous Sequential Circuits 409
Designing Synchronous Sequential Circuits 412
Problems 417
13 Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation 427
Basic Measurement Devices 427
Digital Multimeters 427
Oscilloscopes 441
Measurement Systems 445
Sensors/Transducers 445
Signal Conditioning 446
Amplification 446
Filtering 447
Process Controller 451
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion 451
Processor 453
Digital-to-Analog Conversion 453
Application Circuits 456
Problems 458
14 DC Machines 467
Introduction 467
A Linear Machine 467
A Simple Rotating Machine 470
The Basic DC Machine 473
Equivalent Circuits and Analysis 476
DC Machine Applications 489
Problems 490
15 AC Machines 493
Introduction 493
The Revolving Magnetic Field 493
AC Polyphase Machines 495
The Polyphase Induction Machine: Balanced Operation 497
Basic Principles of Operation 497
The Equivalent Circuit 498
The Polyphase Synchronous Machine: Balanced Operation 503
Basic Principles of Operation 503
The Nonsalient Synchronous Machine Equivalent Circuit 504
AC Machine Applications 512
Problems 512
Appendix A Complex Numbers A-1
Appendix B Load Line Analysis A-4
Appendix C The Zener or Avalanche Diode and Problems A-10
Circuit Model of Zener Diode A-10
Load Line Analysis of Zener Diode Circuits A-12
Problems A-15
Appendix D Implementation of Practical Electronic Circuits A-16
IC Packages and Building Real Circuits A-16
Operational Amplifiers (OP AMPS) A-16
Instrumentation and Differential Amplifiers A-18
Oscillators (Signal Generators) A-18
Current Measurements A-19
Power Measurements A-20
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCS) A-20
Index I-1
