| Preface, Audiences for the Book and Acknowledgements | |
| What is Policy Analysis, and What is Its Role in the Policy Process | p. 1 |
| What You Need To Know About Policy Analysis Before You Begin To Do It | p. 1 |
| Defining The Analysis | p. 3 |
| Ethical Concerns and Policy Analysis | p. 10 |
| Some Federal Requirements For Policy Analysis | p. 15 |
| Lessons From This Chapter | p. 16 |
| Scoping the Policy Analysis | p. 19 |
| Agreeing Upon An Analysis Budget | p. 20 |
| Use of The "With and Without" Principle | p. 22 |
| How Precise Should The Results Be? | p. 26 |
| Original vs. Secondary Data Sources | p. 28 |
| Conclusion | p. 31 |
| Decision Criteria and Decision Methods for Policy Analysis | p. 33 |
| To What Are The Criteria Applied? | p. 34 |
| Decision Criteria | p. 35 |
| Decision Methods | p. 41 |
| Using Decision Criteria and Decision Methods | p. 53 |
| Steps in Conducting an Environmental Policy Analysis | p. 55 |
| Step 1: Develop A Relationship With A Client | p. 55 |
| Step 2: Define Your Analysis Topic or Problem to be Addressed | p. 56 |
| Step 3: Design The Analysis | p. 56 |
| Step 4: Data Collection | p. 57 |
| Step 5: Develop and Screen Alternatives | p. 58 |
| Step 6: Perform the Analysis | p. 59 |
| Step 7: Present Results | p. 59 |
| How to Use These Steps | p. 60 |
| Modeling | p. 63 |
| Defining a Model | p. 64 |
| Types of Models | p. 65 |
| Role of Assumptions in Models | p. 66 |
| Rationale For Use of Models | p. 68 |
| Issues To Consider in Building a Policy Analysis Model | p. 70 |
| Problems That Can Arise With Modeling | p. 73 |
| Case Study: Modeling Environmental Inequities | p. 73 |
| Statistical Analysis Using Regression | p. 77 |
| What is a Regression? | p. 78 |
| Multiple Regression Models and Contour Maps | p. 82 |
| Steps in Running a Regression | p. 84 |
| Some Cautionary Notes About Regression Analysis | p. 99 |
| An Example: Testing For Environmental Racism | p. 103 |
| Summary | p. 104 |
| Principles of Benefit-Cost Analysis | p. 105 |
| What Is Benefit-Cost Analysis? | p. 105 |
| Use Of The "With and Without" Principle | p. 107 |
| Conceptual Foundation Of Benefit-Cost Analysis | p. 107 |
| Role Of Accounting Stance in Determining Transfers | p. 114 |
| Gross Willingness to Pay, Cost, and Net Benefits | p. 116 |
| Measurement Of Economic Efficiency Benefits | p. 120 |
| A Note On Willingness to Pay Versus Willingness To Accept | p. 132 |
| Difficulties in Applying BCA in Environmental Policy Analysis | p. 134 |
| Discounting Benefits and Costs Over Time | p. 141 |
| Discounting Process | p. 142 |
| Selecting the Interest or Discount Rate | p. 145 |
| What Federal Agencies Use | p. 148 |
| Alternative Benefit-Cost Decision Criteria | p. 150 |
| Sensitivity Analysis to Address Uncertainty | p. 156 |
| Valuation of Environmental Resources and Quality | p. 159 |
| Common Methodological Approaches to Valuation Of Quasi-Marketed Natural Resources | p. 160 |
| Valuation of Nonmarketed Natural Resources and Environmental Quality | p. 163 |
| Combining Stated and Revealed Preference Methods | p. 202 |
| Quantifying Health Benefits of Environmental Policies | p. 202 |
| Benefit Transfer | p. 206 |
| Use of Valuation Methods By Federal and State Agencies | p. 210 |
| Conclusion | p. 210 |
| Regional Economic Analysis, Input-Output Models and Multipliers | p. 213 |
| Need For Regional Economic Analysis in The Policy Process | p. 213 |
| Traditional Concepts of Regional Economic Analysis | p. 214 |
| Input-Output Models: A Simple Model of a Local Economy | p. 219 |
| Assumptions of Input-Output Models | p. 227 |
| Development of Input-Output Models: The Survey Based Approach | p. 229 |
| Use Of Existing Input-Output Models | p. 230 |
| Example Application of IO Models and The Importance of Statistically Estimating The Initial Direct Effects | p. 233 |
| Putting Local Changes in Income and Employment in Perspective | p. 237 |
| Conclusion | p. 239 |
| Optimization and Linear Programming | p. 241 |
| The Elements Of a Constrained Optimization Problem | p. 242 |
| Example: National Forest Management | p. 251 |
| Building An Optimization Model | p. 259 |
| Linear Versus Nonlinear Programming | p. 260 |
| Uses Of Optimization | p. 265 |
| Risk Analysis | p. 267 |
| What is Risk Analysis? | p. 267 |
| Overview Of Risk Analysis | p. 272 |
| Legal Basis For Risk Analysis | p. 274 |
| Steps in a Risk Analysis | p. 275 |
| Examples of Risk Analysis: Health Benefit Assessments | p. 281 |
| Case Study Of Annular Disposal of Oil Drilling Brine Wastes | p. 283 |
| Ecological Risk Analysis of USDA Conservation Programs | p. 288 |
| Examples of Policy Analyses | p. 291 |
| Decisions Using Matrices: An Example From U.S. Forest Service EIS | p. 292 |
| Comparing Recreation Values To Hydropower in Hydropower Relicensing | p. 298 |
| Regulating Non-Point Source Water Pollution | p. 305 |
| Summary | p. 310 |
| Concluding Guidance | p. 311 |
| General Principles | p. 311 |
| Guidance For Doing the Analysis | p. 312 |
| The Role of Policy Analysis in The Policy Process | p. 316 |
| References | p. 317 |
| Index | p. 327 |
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