Preface xvii
Contributors xix
Chapter 1 Industrial Solid Wastes Utilization and Disposal 1
Salah M. El-Haggar
Introduction 1
Life Cycle Assessment and Cradle-To-Cradle Concept 4
Industrial Waste 7
Plastics Industry 7
Thermo Plastics 9
Thermosets 12
Mixed Plastic Wastes 13
Plastic and Cork Industry 22
Food Industry 2
Aerobic Fermentation Process 25
Anaerobic Fermentation Process 29
Cement Industry 31
Utilization through Cleaner Production Techniques 33
Industrial Ecology Approach 34
Recycling Opportunities 36
Final Remarks 39
Marble and Granite Industry 40
Marble and Granite Waste 42
Physical and Chemical Properties of Slurry 43
Scrapes 44
Environmental Impacts and Mitigation 44
Metal Foundry Industry 51
Foundry Sand 53
Uses of Foundry Sand 54
Iron and Steel Industry 55
Environmental Impacts 56
The Problem in Egypt 58
Potential Utilization of Slag 58
Final Remarks 64
Waste Industry 65
Direct Waste Recycling Industry 66
Multiple Waste Recycling Industry 66
Waste Exchange Network Recycling Industry 67
Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes 69
Multiple Waste Recycling Industry 70
Mechanical Tests 71
Environmental Tests 73
Final Remarks 75
Disposal of Industrial Wastes 76
References 77
Bibliography 80
Chapter 2 Residential and Institutional Environment 83
Xudong Yang
Substandard Housing and Its effects 84
Growth of the Problem 84
Critical Period 86
Health, Economic, and Social Effects 88
Appraisal of Quality of Living 91
APHA Appraisal Method 91
Census Data 96
Health, Economic, and Social Factors 96
Planning 96
Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Indices 97
Other Survey Methods 97
Health Principles 99
Minimum Standards Housing Ordinance 103
Housing Program 104
Approach 104
Components of a Good Housing Program 105
Outline of a Housing Program 107
Solutions to the Problem 108
Selection of Work Areas 110
Enforcement Program 111
Enforcement Procedures 114
Housing Form Paragraphs for Letters 118
Structural Safety 119
Incomplete Bathroom 119
No Hot Water 119
Leaking Water Closet 121
Floors Not Water Repellent 121
Exterior Paint Needed 123
Rotted and Missing Siding 123
Sagging Wall 123
Loose Plaster 124
Leaking Roof 124
No Gutters or Rain Leaders 124
No Handrails 125
Lead Paint 125
Refuse in Attic 125
Water-Closet Flush Tank Not Operating Correctly 125
Garbage Stored in Paper Box or Bag 125
Dilapidated Garbage Shed 125
Debris in Yard or Vacant Lot 126
Dirty Apartment 126
Overcrowded Sleeping Room 126
No Window in Habitable Room 127
Unlawful Third-Floor Occupancy 127
Unlawful Cellar Occupancy 127
Clogged Sewer 127
Unvented Heater 127
Furnace Flue Defective 128
Rubber-Hose Gas Connection 128
Rat Infestation 128
Roach Infestation 128
Overflowing Sewage Disposal System 128
Improperly Protected Well-Water Supply 129
Major Repairs 129
Minor Repairs 129
Obtain at Least Three Estimates 129
Plumbing 129
Plumbing Code 129
Backflow Prevention 134
Indirect Waste Piping 137
Plumbing Details 137
Indoor Air Quality 137
Causes and Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 137
Biological Contaminants and Health Effects 140
Other Contaminants 141
Ventilation 147
Respiratory Illness Control 150
Venting of Heating Units 151
Mobile Home Parks 154
Institution Sanitation 155
Institutions as Small Communities 155
Hospitals and Nursing Homes 156
Hospital and Related Wastes 160
Schools, Colleges, and Universities 163
Correctional Institutions 163
Environment Inspection and Report Outline 167
Day-Care Centers 169
References 169
Bibliography 174
Chapter 3 Solid Waste Management 177
George Tchobanoglous
Definition of Terms 178
Integrated Waste Management 180
Source Reduction 180
Recycling and Composting 182
Combustion (Waste-to-Energy) 183
Landfills 183
Implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management 184
Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Solid Waste 185
Sources of Solid Waste 185
Characteristics of Solid Waste 185
Commercial and Household Hazardous Waste 189
Construction and Demolition Debris 192
Special Wastes Collected Separately 193
On-Site Handling and Storage 195
Low-Rise Residential Areas 196
Low- and Medium-Rise Apartments 198
High-Rise Apartments 198
Commercial and Institution 199
Solid Waste Collection 199
Type of Service 199
Collection Frequency 199
Types of Collection Systems 202
Personnel Requirements 204
Health Issues 207
Transfer and Transport 209
Economic Analysis of Transfer Operations 209
Types of Transfer Stations 210
Vehicles for Uncompacted Wastes 211
Transfer Station Siting Issues 213
Waste Reduction and Materials Recovery 213
Waste Reduction 214
Materials Recovery and Recycling 217
Processing Technologies for the Recovery of Materials 218
Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities 218
Technical Considerations in the Planning and Design of MRFs 224
Composting 225
Uses of Compost and Constraints to Its Use 229
Composting Process 230
Composting Technologies 232
Compost Process Design and Operational Considerations 236
Issues in the Implementation of Composting Facilities 239
Health Hazards 240
Sanitary Landfill Planning, Design, and Operation 242
Sanitary Landfill Planning 242
Sanitary Landfill Methods 246
General Landfill Design Issues 251
Leachate Generation, Control, and Treatment 252
Landfill Gas Generation, Control, and Recovery and Utilization 258
Management of Surface Waters 263
Landfill Mining 267
Landfill Facilities and Equipment for Disposal by Sanitary Landfill 268
Landfill Operation and Supervision 274
Summary of Recommended Operating Practices 276
Site Closure or Conversion 278
Incineration 279
Description of Operation of MSW Incinerator 279
Combustion Products and Residues 281
Types of Incinerators (Combusters) 283
Control of the Incineration Process 286
Residue Management 287
Site Selection, Plant Layout, and Building Design 289
Issues in the Implementation of Incineration Facilities 290
Hazardous Wastes 292
Definition of Hazardous Waste 292
Legislation 293
Generation of Hazardous Waste 296
Hazardous Waste Management 300
References 305
Bibliography 307
Chapter 4 Air Pollution and Noise Control 309
Robert Jacko and Timothy La Breche
Air Pollution 309
Health Effects 310
Economic Effects 311
Effects on Plants 314
Effects on Animals 315
Aesthetic, Climatic, and Related Effects 315
Sources and Types of Air Pollution 320
Manmade Sources 321
Natural Sources 321
Types of Air Pollutants 325
Sampling and Measurement 326
Particulate Samplingâ"Ambient Air 327
Gas Sampling 329
Smoke and Soiling Measurement 331
Stack Sampling 332
Measurement of Materialsâ Degradation 333
Environmental Factors 333
Meteorology 334
Topography 338
Air Pollution Surveys 340
Inventory 340
Air Sampling 341
Basic Studies and Analyses 341
Ambient Air Quality Standards 342
Federal Standards 342
Clean Air Act of 1990 345
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1997 346
Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) 347
Controls 347
Source Control 347
Emission Control Equipment 351
Particulate Collectors and Separators 351
Gaseous Collectors and Treatment Devices 357
Dilution by Stack Height 358
Planning and Zoning 360
Air Quality Modeling 361
Program and Enforcement 363
General 363
Organization and Staffing 365
Regulation and Administration 365
Noise Control 367
Definitions and Explanation of Selected Terms and Properties of Sound 367
Effects of Noiseâ"A Health Hazard 375
Sources of Noise 376
Measurement of Noise 377
Methods for Noise Control 378
Control of Industrial Noise 380
Control of Transport Noise 381
Noise Reduction 381
Federal Regulations 384
State and Local Regulations 387
References 388
Bibliography 391
Air Pollution 391
Noise Control 393
Chapter 5 Surveying and Mapping for Environmental Engineering 395
Kurt W. Bauer
Introduction 395
Importance of Maps 396
Basic Definitions and Concepts 396
Foundational Elements for Creation of Maps 396
Map Projections 398
Tangent Plane Projection 398
Lambert Projection 399
Mercator Projection 401
Transverse Mercator Projection 401
Other Projections 401
The State Plane Coordinate System 402
Survey Control Networks 402
The National Geodetic Survey Control System 403
U.S. Public Land Survey System 405
Map Requirements for Planning and Environmental Engineering 407
Desirable Control Survey and Mapping System 409
Applications of Mapping System 410
Flood Hazard Area Mapping 416
Wetland Area Mapping 416
Public Works Management Information System 419
Sanitary Sewerage System Attribute Data 421
Survey Methods 426
Bibliography 428
Chapter 6 Planning and Environmental Assessment 429
Kurt W. Bauer
Introduction 429
Definition of Terminology 430
Criteria for Good Planning 431
Institutional Structure for Urban Planning 432
The Comprehensive Plan 433
The Planning Process 437
Definition of Planning Area 438
Inventory and Analysis 438
Formulation of Objectives and Standards 443
Identification of Development Requirements 443
Development and Evaluation of Alternative Plans 444
Plan Selection and Adoption 444
Plan Implementation and Policy Development 445
Public Works Development Process 447
Outline for a Sewerage Facilities Planning Report 447
Outline for a Stormwater Management Facilities Planning Report 453
Outline for a Water Supply Facilities Planning Report 460
Public Participation 465
Continuing Nature of Comprehensive Planning Process 466
Project Planning 467
Site Planning 469
Introduction 469
Site Selection 470
Site Assessment 471
Generally Desirable Site Features 472
Site Inventory 473
Improvements Needed 478
Site Design 478
Land Subdivision 480
Subdivision Design 482
Site Selection and Assessment 484
Alternative Subdivision Design Types 486
Utility Services 492
Fiscal Analysis 494
Program Planning 494
Operational Planning 496
Public Health Element of Comprehensive Plan 497
Role of Engineering 502
Environmental Assessment and Impact Statements 503
Environmental Impact Analysis 505
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 505
Terminology 506
Scoping 508
Recommended Format for Environmental Impact Statement 509
Content of an Environmental Impact Statement 510
Selection and Analysis of Alternatives 514
Comprehensive Assessment 515
Bibliography 524
Index 525
