Engineering Materials

Preface 1 Synthesis, processing and application of nanostructured coatings 1.1 What is nanotechnology? 1.2 The role of size effect in nanotechnology 1.3 Nanoparticles 1.4 Production of nanoparticles 1.5 Applications of nanoparticles 1.6 Thin films 1.7 Production and application of thin films 1.7.1 Introduction to sol-gel method 1.7.2 Sol-gel chemical reaction 1.7.3 The effect of catalyst hydrolysis 1.7.4 Electric precipitation 1.7.5 The rotate coating 1.7.6 Scattering coating 1.7.7 Self layout 1.7.8 Plasma polymerization 1.7.9 Annealing 1.7.10 Heating oxidation 1.8 Applications of nanostructured coatings 1.9 Coating and surface engineering 1.10 Coating issues and applications 1.11 References 2 Size dependency in nanostructures 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nanocomposites and their production methods 2.2.1 Thermal spraying nano-composites 2.2.2 Transitional metal nitride coatings 2.2.3 Super rough and super hard nanocrystalline coatings 2.2.4 Nanocomposite coatings 2.2.4.1 Nitride nano-composite coatings 2.2.4.2 Nanocomposite coatings of Ni/Al2O3 2.2.4.3 Al based composite nano-coatings 2.2.4.4 Al/TiO2 nanocomposite coatings 2.2.4.5 Al/Al2O3 nanocomposite coating 2.2.4.6 Nanostructured coatings of tungsten carbide/Ni-Co 2.3 Electrochemistry role in production of nano-coatings 2.3.1 Electro-deposition using porous templates 2.3.2 Nano-coatings properties 2.4 Mechanical properties 2.5 Corrosion properties 2.6 Hydrogen transition and sensitivity 2.7 Magnetic characteristics and ionic conductivity 2.8 Thermal stability 2.9 Nanocoatings applications 2.9.1 Structural applications 2.9.2 Functional applications 2.9.3 Classification of applications 2.10 Key points for development 2.10.1 Environment and stability 2.10.2 Weight and volume reduction 2.10.3 Intelligent layers and structures 2.10.4 Processes' understanding 2.10.5 Training 2.11 Surface engineering share in key industry sections 2.12 Estimation of corrosion and erosion costs 2.13 Surface engineering in automobile industry 2.14 Surface engineering in power generation industry 2.15 References 3 Characterization of nanostructured coatings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition of nanostructured materials 3.3 Thermodynamics of nanostructured materials 3.4 Interfaces thermodynamics 3.5 Interface traction 3.6 Additional free energy on a solid with nanometric structure 3.7 Interface stresses 3.8 Chemical equilibrium in curved interface 3.9 Influential interface 3.10 Phase interface 3.11 Measurement of thermal and electrochemical properties 3.12 Condensed and compressed metals 3.13 Methods for production of nanostructured materials 3.14 Nano-technological compatibility in coating 3.15 Improvement of coating quality using nanotechnology 3.16 Abrasion, scratch, and corrosion resistant coatings 3.16.1 Coatings resistant against scratch, abrasion, corrosion, and environmental agents 3.16.2 Nano-metric abrasion, scratch, and corrosion resistant coatings 3.16.3 Using alumina as a scratch and abrasion resistant coating 3.16.4 Designing light resistant panels for plane body 3.16.5 Ceramics reinforced by carbon nano-tubes 3.17 Nano-coating resistant against corrosion 3.18 Using nano-particles for coating in transportation industry 3.19 Coating applications in defense and Aerospace industries 3.20 Using ceramic nano-coatings in US navy 3.21 References 4 Size effect in electrochemical properties of nanostructured coatings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Thermodynamic equilibrium 4.3 Classical nucleation theory 4.4 Atomic nucleation theory 4.5 Kinetics of formation of nucleuses in electro-crystallization 4.6 Electrode surface energy state 4.7 Nucleus situation on electrode surface 4.8 Growth of 3-D nano-nucleuses 4.9 Metal ion structure 4.10 Double-layer Structure 4.10.1 Helmholtz-Perrin model 4.10.2 Gouy-Chapman model 4.10.3 Stern-Graham model 4.11 Determining stages for rate of electrode reactions 4.12 Concentration over-potential 4.13 Charge transfer over-potential 4.14 Crystallization over-potential 4.15 Ohm or resistance over-potential 4.16 Pulse electrochemical deposition method 4.17 Charging and de-charging of double layer in pulse electroplating 4.18 Nanostructured coating properties 4.18.1 Mechanical properties 4.18.2 Catalyst properties 4.18.3 Electrical properties 4.18.4 Anti-corrosive properties 4.19 References 5 Size effect in mechanical properties of nanostructured coatings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Nanocomposite coating production method 5.3 Provision of nanocomposite coatings with plating method 5.4 Plating of nickel-alumina nanocomposite coating 5.5 Effects of participation of alumina nanoparticle in nickel coating 5.6 Plating of nickel-alumina nanocomposite coating 5.7 Size effect in mechanical properties of two dimensional nano-films 5.8 Studying effective factors on simultaneous deposition of alumina nanoparticles with nickel 5.8.1 Effect of density of alumina nanoparticles in electrolyte bath 5.8.2 Effect of electroplating current density 5.8.3 Distribution of alumina nanoparticles 5.8.3.1 Physical distribution of alumina nanoparticle with ultrasonic operations 5.8.3.2 Chemical distribution of alumina nanoparticle with dispersants aid 5.8.4 Effect of density of nickel ions in plating bath 5.8.5 Effect of pH 5.8.6 Pulse current effect 5.9 Size dependency of tensile and fatigue strength in ultra-thin films 5.10 Application of coating for strength enhancement 5.11 Nano-coating use in dressing industry 5.11.1 Making WC/Co-Ni nano-coating using electrodeposition 5.11.2 Using (Me-Ti1-xAlxN)/(a-Si3N4) nano-composite coatings 5.12 Size dependency in nanocomposite layers 5.13 References 6 Size effect in physical and other properties of nanostructured coatings 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Silicides specifications 6.2.1 SALICIDE process 6.2.2 Necessary conditions for formation of silicides 6.2.3 Transition from TiSi2 to NiSi 6.2.4 NiSi Salicide technology (self-aligned Nickel Silicide) 6.3 Size effect in sensing characterization 6.4 NiSi thermal stability 6.4.1 NiSi transition to NiSi2 in dual Ni-Si system 6.4.2 Pt effect in increasing thermal stability 6.4.3 Pd effect in thermal stability 6.4.4 Ge effect in thermal stability 6.4.5 Co and Ir effects in thermal stability 6.4.6 Capsulation and NiSi thermal stability 6.5 Size effect in optical properties of nanostructured films 6.6 Optical coatings - using ultraviolet light block layers 6.7 Surface improvement for making fog and vapor resistant layers 6.8 Production of pieces with nano-coating 6.9 Self-cleaning glasses 6.10 Medical and hygienic applications 6.10.1 Inorganic materials nano-coating for medical applications 6.10.2 Using nano-particle masks 6.10.3 Application of hydroxyapatite nano-coating to design prosthesis 6.10.4 Using nano-composite coating for food packaging 6.10.5 Antipollution materials in shipping industry 6.10.6 Nano-coating use against SARS virus 6.10.7 Application of Ag nano-particles as antibacterial coating 6.10.8 Using TiO2 nano-particles to decrease environmental contaminations 6.11 Electrical and electronic applications 6.11.1 Production of transparent conductor coatings by carbon nano-tubes 6.11.2 Application of nano-coating on solar cells 6.11.3 Nano-coating of nickel particles by oxides 6.11.4 Using polarizer nano-layers to produce LCD monitors 6.11.5 Produce of electrically conductive transparence nano-coatings 6.11.6 Increase of data storing capacity with magnetic nano-layers 6.12 Lubricating and the other applications 6.13 Ag-polluted SnO2 particles 6.14 Development of nano-coating for surface lubrication 6.15 Size dependency in nanocomposite layers 6.16 References 7 Conclusions 8 Index