Engine Emissions

1. Engine Exhaust Emissions.- I. Introduction.- II. When Is an Emittant a Pollutant?.- A. Unburned Hydrocarbons.- B. Carbon Monoxide.- C. Oxides of Nitrogen.- D. Sulfur Dioxide.- E. Particulates.- III. Formation of Pollutants.- A. Carbon Monoxide.- B. Nitric Oxide.- C. Hydrocarbons.- D. Particulates.- E. Odor.- IV. Transient Operation - Engines.- A. Carbureted Spark Ignition.- B. Port Injection Spark Ignition.- C. Cylinder Injection Spark Ignition'.- D. Diesel Engine - Naturally Aspirated.- E. Diesel Engine - Turbocharged.- F. Gas Turbines.- G. External Combustion Engines.- V. Transient Operation - System.- VI. Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions.- VII. Control Techniques.- References.- 2. The Chemistry of Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion and Emission Formation.- I. Introduction.- II. Engine Processes.- A. Inputs.- B. Physical and Chemical Processes within the Engine.- C. Energy Consideration.- D. Outputs.- III. Ultimate Fate of Engine Emissions.- IV. The Engine-A Chemical Reactor.- V. The Combustion Chamber.- A. Reactor Conditions.- B. Low Temperature Reactions.- C. High Temperature Reactions in an Engine.- VI. Exhaust System.- A. Reactor Conditions.- B. Thermal Reactions in the Exhaust System.- C. Catalytic Reactions.- VII. Systems Approach to Reactions in an Engine.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 3. Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Formation in Combustion Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. Ignition Delays in Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon-Oxydizer Systems.- A. Introduction.- B. Experimental Results.- C. The Prediction of Induction Times.- III. Production and Emission of Unburned Hydrocarbons.- A. Introduction.- B. Flame Quenching Phenomena.- C. Sources of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Engines.- D. Effect of Engine Variables on Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignition Engines.- IV. Some Effects of Hydrocarbon Emissions on Man and His Environment.- A. Introduction.- B. Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Smog.- C. Hydrocarbon Emissions and Odor.- D. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions.- References.- 4. The Kinetics of Pollutant Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemical Thermodynamics of the Engine Cycle.- A. Chemical Equilibrium.- B. The Role of Chemical Kinetics.- III. Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuel-Air Mixtures and the Approach to the Initial High-Temperature Equilibrium State.- IV. Formation of Nitric Oxide.- A. Fundamental Investigations.- B. Elementary Reactions and Rate Constants for Nitric Oxide Formation.- C. Application to the Engine Cycle.- V. Expansion and Exhaust Processes.- A. General.- B. Recombination of Atoms and Radicals.- C. Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide.- D. Nitric Oxide Decomposition.- VI. The Effect of Pressure Oscillations on Nitric Oxide Kinetics.- References.- 5. Particulate Emission from Spark-Ignition Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Measurement Techniques.- A. Particulates Collected from Outside the Exhaust System.- B. Particulate Sampling from the Exhaust System.- C. Test Procedures for Particulate Emissions.- III. Physical Characteristics of Particulates.- A. Total Particulate Matter Emitted.- B. Shape and Size Distribution of Particulates.- IV. Chemical Composition of Particulates.- A. Lead Content of Particulates.- B. Chemical Composition of Particulates.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Diesel Engines Combustion and Emissions.- I. Introduction.- II. Diesel Ignition and Combustion.- A. Preignition Processes.- B. Preignition Chemical Reactions.- III. Direct-Injection Engines.- A. Fuel Evaporation.- B. Fuel-Air Distribution in the Spray.- C. A Model for Combustion and Emission Formation in Direct Injection Engines.- D. Heat Release Rates in Direct Injection Engines.- E. Effect of Some Design and Operating Variables on Direct Injection Engine Emissions.- IV. The M-System.- V. Indirect Injection Engines.- A. Effect of Design and Operating Variables.- VI. Comparison Between the Emission Characteristics of Some Transportation Engines.- A. Diesel Engines.- B. Diesel and Gasoline Engines.- VII. NO Emission Control.- A. Injection Training.- B. Water Addition.- C. Exhaust-Gas Recirculation.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7. Diffusion and Fallout of Pollutants Emitted by Aircraft Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Identification of Sources.- III. Diffusion and Fallout.- A. Cruising.- IV. Chemical and Physical Conversions.- V. Plume Axis from a Stack.- A. Momentum Rise.- B. Buoyancy Rise.- C. Buoyancy and Temperature Gradient.- D. Combined Relation.- VI. Plume Paths from Aircraft.- VII. Wing-Tip Vortices.- VIII. Plume Visibility.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- Notation.- References.- 8. Instrumentation and Techniques for Measuring Emissions.- I. Methods for Measuring Pollutants.- A. Terms of Expression.- B. Instrumental.- C. Wet Chemistry for Aldehyde Measurement.- II. Automotive Emissions Measurement.- A. Sampling Methods.- B. Quantifying Emissions.- C. Test Procedures.- III. Measurement of Emissions from Diesel and Turbine Engines.- A. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide by NDIR.- B. Hydrocarbon by FID.- C. Oxides of Nitrogen.- References.- 9. Direct-Sampling Studies of Combustion Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. A Simplified Model of Molecular-Beam Sampling.- III. Boundary-Layer Considerations.- IV. Chemical Relaxations.- V. Species Condensations.- VI. Skimmer Interference.- VII. Mass Separations.- VIII. Background Scattering.- IX. Mass-Spectra Interpretations.- X. Preliminary Applications.- References.