Emotion Explained

1: Introduction: the issues 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Rewards and punishers 1.3: Approaches to emotion and motivation 1.4: Outline 2: The nature of emotion 2.1: Introduction 2.2: A theory of emotion 2.3: Different emotions 2.4: Refinements of the theory of emotion 2.5: The classification of emotion 2.6: Other theories of emotion 2.7: Individual differences in emotion, personality and emotional intelligence 2.8: Cognition and emotion 2.9: Emotion, motivation, reward and mood 2.10: The concept of emotion 2.11: Advantages of the approach 3: The functions of emotion: reward, punishment and emotion in brain design 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Brain design and the functions of emotion 3.3: Selection of behaviour: cost-benefit 'analysis' 3.4: Further functions of emotion 3.5: The functions of emotion in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context 3.6: The functions of motivation in an evolutionary, Darwinian, context 3.7: Are all goals for action gene-specified? 4: The brain mechanisms underlying emotion 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Overview 4.3: Representations of primary reinforcers 4.4: Representing potential secondary reinforcers 4.5: The orbitofrontal cortex 4.6: The amygdala 4.7: The cingulate cortex 4.8: Human brain imaging investigations of mood and depression 4.9: Output pathways for emotional responses 4.10: Effects of emotion on cognitive processing and memory 4.11: Laterality effects in human emotional processing 4.12: Summary 5: Hunger 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Peripheral signals for hunger and satiety 5.3: The control signals for hunger and satiety 5.4: The brain control of eating and reward 5.5: Obesity, bulimia and anorexia 5.6: Conclusions on reward, affective responses to food, and the control of appetite 6: Thirst 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Cellular stimuli for drinking 6.3: Extracellular thirst stimuli 6.4: Control of normal drinking 6.5: Reward and satiety signals for drinking 6.6: Summary 7: Brain-stimulation reward 7.1: Introduction 7.2: The nature of the reward produced 7.3: The location of brain-stimulation reward sites in the brain 7.4: The effects of brain lesions on intracranial self-stimulation 7.5: The neurophysiology of reward 7.6: Some of the properties of brain-stimulation reward 7.7: Stimulus-bound motivational behaviour 7.8: Conclusions 7.9: Apostasis 8: Pharmacology of emotion, reward and addiction; the basal ganglia 8.1: Introduction 8.2: The noradrenergic hypothesis 8.3: Dopamine and reward 8.4: The basal ganglia 8.5: Opiate reward systems, analgesia, and food reward 8.6: Pharmacology of depression in relation to brain systems involved in emotion 8.7: Pharmacology of anxiety in relation to brain systems involved in emotion 8.8: Cannabinoids 8.9: Overview of behavioural selection and output systems involved in emotion 9: Sexual behaviour, reward and brain function; sexual selection of behaviour 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Mate selection, attractiveness and love 9.3: Parental attachment, care and parent-offspring conflict 9.4: Sperm competition 9.5: Concealed ovulation and its consequences for sexual behaviour 9.6: Sexual selection of sexual and non-sexual behaviour 9.7: Individual differences in sexual rewards 9.8: The neural reward mechanisms that might mediate some aspects of sexual behaviour 9.9: Neural basis of sexual behaviour 9.10: Conclusion 10: Emotional feelings and consciousness: a theory of consciousness 10.1: Introduction 10.2: A theory of consciousness 10.3: Dual routes to action 10.4: Representations 10.5: Discussion 10.6: Conclusions and comparisons 11: Conclusions and broader issues 11.1: Conclusions 11.2: Decision-making 11.3: Emotion and ethics 11.4: Emotion and literature 11.5: Close App A: Neural networks and emotion-related learning App B: Reward reversal in the orbitofrontal cortex - a model