| Preface | |
| Contributors | |
| Glossary | |
| Introduction | |
| Embedded or dispersed generation | |
| Reasons for embedded generation | |
| Extent of embedded generation | |
| Issues of embedded generation | |
| Technical impacts of embedded generation on the distribution system | |
| Network voltage changes | |
| Increase in network fault levels | |
| Power quality | |
| Protection | |
| Stability | |
| Network operation | |
| Economic impact of embedded generation on the distribution system | |
| Impact of embedded generation on the transmission system | |
| Impact of embedded generation on central generation | |
| References | |
| Embedded generation plant | |
| Combined Heat and Power plants | |
| Renewable energy generation | |
| Small-scale hydro-generation | |
| Wind power plants | |
| Offshore wind energy | |
| Solar photovoltaic generation | |
| Summary | |
| References | |
| System studies | |
| Introduction | |
| Types of system studies | |
| Power flow studies | |
| Power flow in a two-bus system | |
| Relation between flows and voltages | |
| Power flow in larger systems | |
| Solving the power flow equations | |
| Application to an embedded generation scheme | |
| Fault studies | |
| Balanced fault calculations | |
| Concept of fault level | |
| Application to an embedded generation scheme | |
| Unbalanced faults | |
| Application to an embedded generation scheme | |
| Standards for fault calculations | |
| Stability studies | |
| A simple dynamic model of the mechanical subsystem | |
| Power transfer in a two-bus system | |
| Electro-mechanical transients following a fault | |
| The equal area criterion | |
| Stability studies in larger systems | |
| Stability of induction generators | |
| Application to an embedded generation scheme | |
| Electromagnetic transient studies | |
| References | |
| Appendix: Equal area criterion | |
| Generators | |
| Synchronous generators | |
| Steady-state operation | |
| Excitation systems | |
| Operation during network disturbances | |
| Induction generators | |
| Steady-state operation | |
| Connection of an induction generator | |
| Self-excitation | |
| Operation during network disturbances | |
| Advanced shunt compensation for induction generators | |
| Power electronic converters | |
| Voltage source converters | |
| References | |
| Power quality | |
| Voltage flicker | |
| Harmonics | |
| Voltage unbalance | |
| Summary | |
| References | |
| Protection of embedded generators | |
| Introduction | |
| Protection schemes for isolated and embedded generators | |
| Single generator on an isolated network | |
| Generator operating in parallel with other generators on an isolated network | |
| Generator embedded into utility network | |
| Protection requirements | |
| Overcurrent protection | |
| Overcurrent protection of the generator intertie | |
| Example of how overcurrent protection can be applied to an LV connected generator | |
| Negative sequence overcurrent | |
| Directional control of overcurrent elements | |
| Earth fault overcurrent protection | |
| Methods of earthing the generator | |
| Time-delayed earth fault overcurrent | |
| Earthing of transformer connected generators | |
| Earthing of directly connected generators | |
| Differential protection of the stator winding | |
| Operating principle | |
| High-impedance differential | |
| Low-impedance biased differential protection | |
| Phase and interturn faults on the stator windings | |
| Under/overvoltage protection | |
| Under/overfrequency protection | |
| Reverse power relay | |
| Loss of excitation | |
| Unbalanced loading | |
| Generator stator thermal protection | |
| Overexcitation | |
| Loss of mains protection | |
| Rate of change of frequency | |
| Vector shift | |
| Rotor protection | |
| References | |
| Reliability concepts and assessment | |
| Introduction | |
| HLI - generation capacity | |
| HLII - composite generation and transmission systems | |
| HLIII - distribution systems without embedded generation | |
| Conceptual requirements | |
| Probabilistic criteria and indices | |
| Historical evaluation techniques | |
| Basic reliability assessments | |
| Distribution systems with embedded generation | |
| Concepts of embedded generation | |
| Types and impact of energy sources | |
| Historical reliability assessment approaches | |
| Simplified case studies | |
| Basic radial systems | |
| Embedded generation vs. network expansion | |
| Generation reliability modelling | |
| Modelling assumptions and considerations | |
| Concepts of modelling | |
| Energy source model | |
| Generation model | |
| Generation plant model | |
| Solution of the plant model | |
| Network reliability model | |
| Reliability and production indices | |
| Capacity credit | |
| Reliability indices | |
| Production indices | |
| Study cases | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Economics of embedded generation | |
| Introduction | |
| Connection costs and charges | |
| Concept | |
| Voltage level related connection cost | |
| Deep v. shallow connection charges | |
| Distribution use of system charges and embedded generation | |
| Current practice | |
| Contribution of embedded generation to network security | |
| Allocation of losses in distribution networks with EG | |
| An alternative framework for distribution tariff development | |
| Stage 1: Optimal network capacity for transport | |
| Stage 2: Security driven network expenditure | |
| Stage 3: Pricing - allocation of costs | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Concluding remarks | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
