Electrorheological Fluids : The Non-Aqueous Suspensions Volume 22 - Tian Hao

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Electrorheological Fluids

The Non-Aqueous Suspensions Volume 22

By: Tian Hao

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Hardcover | 1 December 2005

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578 Pages

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24.77 x 17.78 x 2.54

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An electrorheological (ER) suspension is made from an insulating liquid medium embodying either a semi-conductive particulate material or a semi-conductive liquid material (usually a liquid crystal material). Since its mechanical properties can be easily controlled over a wide range (almost from a pure liquid to a solid), the ER fluid can be used as an electric and mechanical interface in various industrial areas, for example, in the automotive industrial for clutch, brake and damping systems and in robotic arm joints and hands.
In addition, the ER technique can be used to fabricate advanced functional materials such as photonic crystals, smart inks, and heterogeneous polymer composites.
The major objective of Electrorheological Fluids is to present a comprehensive survey on the ER suspensions in term of screening high performance ER materials, physical mechanisms of the ER effect, and the applications of ER technology.

* Applications of ER suspensions are of wide interest both in academia and industry
* Surveys a large body of literature on the mechanism of the ER effect and the design of industrially applicable ER devices
* Discusses technological problems affiliated with industrial applications

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Preface	p. vii
Colloidal suspensions and electrorheological fluids	p. 1
Colloidal suspensions	p. 1
Particle surface charge in aqueous systems	p. 2
Particle surface charge in non-aqueous systems	p. 3
Relationship between surface charge density and Zeta potential	p. 7
Electrorheological suspensions-nonaqueous system	p. 14
References	p. 16
Viscosity of liquids and colloidal suspensions with and without an external electric field	p. 18
Pure liquids	p. 19
Viscosity of pure liquids	p. 19
The ER effect of pure liquids	p. 23
Colloidal suspensions	p. 27
The viscosity of colloidal suspensions	p. 27
Derived from Eyring's rate theory	p. 27
Derived from Einstein's equation	p. 33
The maximum packing fraction of polydisperse particles	p. 39
Determine the parameter n	p. 43
Contribution from particle surface charge	p. 51
Electroviscous effect of colloidal suspensions	p. 57
Polymers and polyelectrolyte solutions	p. 63
The viscosity of the polyelectrolyte and polymer melt	p. 63
Viscosity equation of the polymer melt	p. 63
Viscosity equation of the polymer solution	p. 67
The viscosity equation derived from Eyring's rate theory	p. 67
Theta condition	p. 67
Good solvent	p. 71
The viscosity equation derived from Einstein's equation	p. 72
The electroviscous effect of polyelectrolytes	p. 76
Concluding remarks	p. 79
References	p. 79
The positive, negative, photo-ER, and electromagnetorheological (EMR) effects	p. 83
Positive ER effect	p. 83
Negative ER effect	p. 92
Photic (Photo-)ER effect	p. 103
Electromagnetorheological (EMR) effect	p. 106
Magnetorheological (MR) effect	p. 106
The EMR effect	p. 110
References	p. 112
The electrorheological materials	p. 114
General feature of ER fluids	p. 114
Preparation of ER fluids	p. 115
Liquid continuous phase	p. 116
Dispersed phase	p. 118
Solid particle-heterogeneous electrorheological materials	p. 118
Inorganic oxide materials	p. 118
Non-oxide inorganic materials	p. 119
Organic and polymeric materials	p. 119
Liquid material-homogeneous ER fluid	p. 123
Additives	p. 124
Stability of ER suspensions	p. 131
Positive ER materials	p. 136
Aluminosilicates	p. 137
Conductive organics and polymers	p. 138
Oxidized polyacrylonitrile	p. 138
Polyanilines and polypyrroles	p. 139
Carbonaceous materials and fullerenes	p. 140
Superconductive materials	p. 142
Liquid materials	p. 142
Immiscible with the dispersing phase	p. 142
Miscible with the dispersing phase	p. 143
Core-shell composite particulates	p. 145
Design of high performance positive ER fluids	p. 145
Negative ER materials	p. 146
Photo-ER materials	p. 146
Electro-magneto-rheological materials	p. 147
References	p. 147
Critical parameters to the electrorheological effect	p. 152
The electric field strength	p. 152
Frequency of the electric field	p. 156
Particle size and shape	p. 162
Particle conductivity	p. 169
Particle dielectric property	p. 175
Particle surface property	p. 188
Particle volume fraction	p. 198
Temperature	p. 208
Liquid medium	p. 221
Electrode pattern	p. 227
References	p. 230
Physics of electrorheological fluids	p. 235
Forces relevant to the ER effect	p. 235
Hydrodynamic force	p. 236
Brownian motion	p. 237
Electrostatic force	p. 238
Van der Waals forces	p. 239
Molecular level	p. 239
Macroscopic level	p. 241
Polymer induced forces	p. 242
Steric repulsive force	p. 243
Depletion attractive force	p. 243
Adhesion force due to water or surfactant	p. 244
Electric field induced polarization force	p. 246
Relative magnitude of interparticle interaction	p. 247
Scaling analysis using the Mason number for ER fluids	p. 248
Phase transition	p. 250
Phase transition in colloidal suspensions	p. 250
Phase transition in ER suspensions	p. 252
Percolation transition	p. 257
Percolation theory	p. 257
Percolation transition in ER suspensions	p. 260
Rheological properties	p. 269
Steady shear behavior	p. 269
Dynamic rheological property	p. 281
Strain dependence	p. 281
Frequency dependence	p. 294
Simulation results	p. 303
Transient shear	p. 307
Structure determination using scattering technology	p. 311
Conductivity mechanism	p. 317
Localization models	p. 318
Charging Energy Limited Tunneling (CELT)	p. 318
Quasi-One-Dimensional Variable Range Hopping (Quasi-1d-VRH Model)	p. 319
Conductivity under a zero mechanical field	p. 321
Conductivity under an oscillatory mechanical field	p. 325
Polarization process	p. 336
References	p. 336
Dielectric property of non-aqueous heterogeneous systems	p. 341
Basic dielectric parameters	p. 341
Kramers-Kronig relations	p. 344
The polarization types and their relaxation times	p. 344
Polarization type	p. 345
The electronic polarization	p. 345
The atomic polarization	p. 346
The ion polarization	p. 346
Debye polarization	p. 347
The electrode polarization	p. 347
The Wagner-Maxwell polarization	p. 351
Relative relaxation times of polarization	p. 354
Temeprature dependence of the relaxation time	p. 358
Dielectric relaxation	p. 363
Single relaxation time	p. 363
Multiple relaxation times	p. 365
Dielectric property of mixture	p. 367
Dielectric property of non-aqueous systems with charging agent	p. 372
Charging agent	p. 372
Charging mechanisms based on the conductivity data	p. 373
The electrode polarization in non-aqueous systems	p. 384
Inverse micelle size calculated from the dielectric property	p. 387
The dielectric property without electrolytes	p. 389
The Wagner-Maxwell model for dilute suspensions	p. 389
Dilute suspensions of spherical particle with shell	p. 394
The Hanai model for concentrated suspensions	p. 396
Particle shape effect on the dielectric property	p. 398
The Wagner-Maxwell-Sillars equation and its extensions	p. 401
The Bottcher-Hsu equation	p. 405
The Looyenga equation	p. 405
Comparison between the mixture equations	p. 406
dc transient current	p. 413
Calculate the space charge amount from the dc transient current decay curve	p. 415
Calculate the dielectric property of the material from the dc transient current	p. 418
References	p. 420
Dielectric properties of ER suspensions	p. 424
Introduction	p. 424
Dielectric property of the ER suspensions of spherical or quasispherical particles	p. 426
Theoretical treatment on the dielectric criteria for high performance ER suspensions	p. 440
The yield stress equation	p. 449
Particle shape effect on the dielectric properties of ER suspensions and their ER effect	p. 466
The response times of ER suspensions	p. 469
Dielectric properties under a high electric field	p. 470
Summary	p. 471
References	p. 473
Mechanisms of the electrorheological effect	p. 475
Fibrillation model	p. 475
Electric double layer (EDL) model	p. 477
Water/surfactant bridge mechanism	p. 478
Polarization model	p. 479
Conduction model	p. 493
Dielectric loss model	p. 506
References	p. 515
Applications of the electrorheological fluids	p. 518
Mechanical force transferring and controlling devices	p. 518
ER composite materials	p. 528
ER inks and pigments	p. 532
Photonic crystals	p. 536
Mechanical polishing	p. 537
ER tactile and optical displays	p. 540
ER sensors	p. 546
ER application for drug delivery	p. 546
Summary and outlook	p. 549
References	p. 550
Index	p. 553
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Electrorheological Fluids

The Non-Aqueous Suspensions Volume 22

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