Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
Yiran Zhang, Zhicheng Zhang
1.1 Origins and Evolution of Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 1
1.2 Current State of Small-molecule Catalysis in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 2
1.3 Challenges in Small-molecule Catalysis for Electrochemical Energy Conversion 3
1.4 Opportunities and Future Outlook 4
Acknowledgment 4
2 Electrochemical Energy Conversion Techniques 7
Zhongxin Chen, Huaiguang li
2.1 Introduction: The Future Is Electrifying 7
2.2 Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 9
2.3 Batteries and Supercapacitors 18
2.4 Summary 20
3 Constant-potential Modeling in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction 23
Yaqiong Su
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Principle of Constant-potential Modeling 24
3.3 Constant-potential Modeling of Electrochemical CO 2 RR 25
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook 37
Acknowledgment 37
4 Advanced In Situ Characterization Techniques for Direct Observation of Gas-involved Electrochemical Reactions 43
Yue Zhai, Jiamin Zhu, ShuHui Li, Luohua Liu, Li An
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 In Situ Infrared Technique 44
4.3 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance 48
4.4 X-ray Powder Diffraction 53
4.5 In Situ Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer 56
4.6 In Situ Raman Spectroscopy 60
4.7 In Situ Fluorescence Spectrum 65
4.8 X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer 67
4.9 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectrometer 71
5 Dynamic Structural Evolution Identification via X-ray Absorption Fine Structure 77
Chengyi Liu, Shibo xi
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Fundamentals of XAFS 78
5.3 XAFS Data Analysis and Interpretation 84
5.4 In Situ and Operando XAFS Techniques 90
5.5 Advanced XAFS Methods 95
5.6 Dynamic Structural Evolution in Catalysts 99
5.7 Application of XAFS in Electrochemical Energy Conversion 101
5.8 Conclusion and Outlook 104
Acknowledgment 105
6 Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 111
Xinran Sun, Boxin Xiao, Jiaqing Liu, Xue Feng Lu
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Performance Evaluation Criteria and Methods 114
6.3 Advanced Electrocatalysts for HER 118
6.4 Summary and Perspective 129
Acknowledgment 132
7 Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction 139
Yifan Ma, Junhua Li, Ying Tang, Hang An, Xiaopeng Wang
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 The State-of-the-art Characterization Techniques 141
7.3 OER Mechanisms 143
7.4 The Mechanism and Development Status of Some Typical Energy Conversion Reactions 147
7.5 Catalysis Evaluation and Prediction 149
7.6 Conclusion 150
Acknowledgment 150
8 Electrochemical Hydrogen/Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 157
Ran Wang, Huan Pang
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Hydrogen Fuel Oxidation Reaction 158
8.3 Liquid Fuel Oxidation Reaction 164
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 172
Acknowledgment 173
9 Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction 183
An-Liang Wang
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 The ORR Mechanism 183
9.3 ORR Catalyst Characterization Techniques 185
9.4 The Category of ORR Catalyst 186
9.5 Pd-based Metal Catalysts 190
9.6 Non-platinum Group Metal Catalysts 192
9.7 Metal-free Catalysts 194
9.8 Single-atom Catalysts 195
9.9 Conclusion and Outlook 200
Acknowledgment 201
10 Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass Derivatives 209
Tao Zhang, Jing Peng
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 Fundamentals of Electrooxidation of Biomass Derivatives 210
10.3 Cathodic Reaction in Biomass Electrooxidation System 218
10.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 224
11 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction and Conversion 231
Jiapeng Ji, Xiaolong Zhang
11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Fundamentals of ECR 233
11.3 Catalysts for ECR 236
11.4 Mechanisms and Pathways of ECR 240
11.5 Challenges and Opportunities 246
11.6 Case Studies and Applications 254
11.7 Future Perspectives 257
11.8 Conclusion 258
12 Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation and Conversion 269
Rong Zhang, Shaoce Zhang, Ying Guo
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 Electrocatalytic N 2 Reduction Reaction 271
12.3 Electrocatalytic N 2 Oxidation Reaction 289
12.4 Conclusion and Outlook 295
Acknowledgment 296
13 Recent Progress in Electrochemical ?C–N?Coupling Reactions 311
Chu Zhang, Chunyuan Feng, Lixiang Zhong, Chade lv
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 Milestones in Electrocatalytic ?C–N?Coupling 312
13.3 Fundamentals of Electrocatalytic ?C–N?Coupling 313
13.4 Electrocatalytic ?C–N? Coupling for Urea Synthesis 320
13.5 Electrocatalytic ?C–N? Coupling for Amide Synthesis 330
13.6 Mechanistic Understanding of Electrocatalytic ?C–N?Coupling 335
13.7 Summary 341
Acknowledgment 341
14 Electrochemical Fluorination 347
Meng Li, Chuang Fan, Gengtao Fu
14.1 Introduction 347
14.2 Electrochemically Driven Fluoroalkylation 348
14.3 Electrochemical Selective Fluorination of Alkenes 352
14.4 Ionic Liquids-facilitated Electrofluorination 356
14.5 Electrochemical Fluorination Using Alkali Metal Fluorides 360
14.6 Conclusion and Outlook 362
Acknowledgment 363
15 Electrochemical Polymerization: Synthesis of Functional Films for Energy Devices 367
Yansong Zhou, Shuangyin Wang
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 General Principles of Electrochemical Polymerization 368
15.3 Advanced Electrochemical Polymerization Technology 371
15.4 Electrochemical Polymerization in the Fabrication of Functional Films 372
15.5 Concluding Remarks 375
Acknowledgment 376
16 Summary and Perspective 383
Yuanmiao Sun
16.1 Summary 383
16.2 Perspective 384
Index 385
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