Ecosystem Services

By: R E Hester (Editor), R M Harrison (Editor)

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Hardcover | 1 July 2010

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192 Pages

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16.5 x 24.2 x 1.7

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As human populations grow, so do the resource demands imposed on ecosystems, and the impacts of anthropogenic use and abuse are becoming ever more apparent. This has led to the development of the concept of ecosystem services, which describes the beneficial functions provided by ecosystems for human society. Ecosystem services are limited and hence threatened by over-exploitation, and there is an urgent imperative to evaluate trade-offs between immediate and long-term human needs and to take action to protect biodiversity, which is a key factor in delivering ecosystem services. To help inform decision-makers, economic value is increasingly being associated with many ecosystem services and is often based on the replacement with anthropogenic alternatives. The on-going challenges of maintaining sustainable ecosystems and prescribing economic value to nature is prompting multi-disciplinary shifts in how we recognise and manage the environment. This volume brings together emerging topics in environmental science, making an excellent source for policy makers and environmental consultants working in the field or related areas. Ecosystem Services also serves as a concise and referenced primer for advanced students and researchers in environmental science and management.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology Economics Environmental Economics Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment Applied Ecology

An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Why this Topic Matters Now	p. 2
The Current Assessment	p. 3
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services	p. 4
Ecosystem Services	p. 4
Relationships between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services	p. 4
Land Use and Multiple Services	p. 7
European Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services	p. 8
Managing Ecosystem Services in Europe	p. 16
How Ecosystems Respond to Change	p. 16
Threats to Biodiversity, and Consequences for Ecosystem Services in the European Union	p. 18
Methods of Valuing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services	p. 19
Prioritising Ecosystem Services in Land Management: Weighing up Alternative Land Uses	p. 22
Conclusions	p. 23
References	p. 24
Ecosystem Services and Policy: A Review of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services and an Efficiency-Based Framework for Implementing the Ecosystem Approach	p. 29
Ecosystem Services and the Ecosystem Approach to Policy	p. 30
Existing Frameworks for Understanding Ecosystem Services	p. 31
Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems on the Front Line of Global Change	p. 32
Defining Coastal Wetlands	p. 32
Ecosystem Services from Coastal Wetlands	p. 36
Management to Combat Environmental Change and Threats to Coastal Wetlands	p. 38
A New Conceptual Framework to Underpin the Ecosystem Approach	p. 41
Conclusions and Future Challenges	p. 44
Acknowledgements	p. 46
References	p. 46
Ecosystem Services and Food Production	p. 52
Introduction	p. 53
Ecosystem Services Important for Food Production	p. 54
A Conceptual Framework	p. 54
Ecosystem Services	p. 55
The Impact of Food Production on Ecosystems	p. 62
Conclusions	p. 64
References	p. 65
Atmospheric Services	p. 70
Introduction: The Atmosphere as Part of the Earth System	p. 71
Ecosystem Services versus Atmospheric Services	p. 73
The Atmosphere as both a Resource and a Hazard	p. 76
Who Owns the Atmosphere?	p. 77
The Valuation of Atmospheric Services	p. 81
An Estimate of the Total Economic Value of Atmospheric Services	p. 83
Atmospheric Services and Natural Capital	p. 85
The Air that We Breathe	p. 86
Protection from Extra-Terrestial Radiation Plasma and Meteors	p. 87
Natural Global Warming	p. 88
Cleansing Capacity and the Dispersion of Air Pollution	p. 88
Clouds and the Hydrological Cycle	p. 90
Direct Use of the Atmosphere for Ecosystems and Agriculture	p. 91
The Combustion of Fuel	p. 92
Air Transport, Communications and Sound	p. 93
Direct and Indirect Use of the Atmosphere for Energy and Power	p. 96
The Extraction of Atmospheric Gases	p. 97
Atmospheric Recreation and Climate Tourism	p. 98
Aesthetic, Spiritual and Sensual Properties	p. 99
Conclusions	p. 100
Acknowledgements	p. 101
References	p. 101
Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services: The Ecological Foundation of Human Society	p. 105
Introduction	p. 106
Societal Dependence on Ecosystems in Different Socio-Economic Contexts	p. 107
Understanding the Links between Ecosystems and Human Well-Being	p. 108
Ecosystem Structure and Functioning	p. 109
Ecosystem Functions	p. 111
Ecosystem Services	p. 111
Ecosystem Benefits and Human Weil-Being	p. 111
Accounting and Valuation of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services	p. 112
Approaches Based on Human Preferences	p. 114
Approaches Based on Physical Costs	p. 115
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 116
The Controversy of Value Commensurability	p. 116
Why Use the Notion of Natural Capital?	p. 116
References	p. 117
Protecting Water Resources and Health by Protecting the Environment: A Case Study	p. 122
Introduction	p. 123
The Environmental Obligations on Water Utilities	p. 124
Discharge Consents have Tightened	p. 125
Review of Discharge Consents due to EU Directives	p. 125
Prohibition of 'Dumping' Sewage at Sea	p. 126
How Water Utilities meet their Environmental Obligations	p. 127
A More Sustainable Ecosystem-Based Approach for the Future	p. 127
The Wessex Water Experience with Catchment Management	p. 129
Identification of Catchment and Farms	p. 129
Actions Taken with the Fanner to Reduce Pollution	p. 129
Monitoring of Improvements	p. 133
Advantages of the Catchment Management Approach	p. 136
Other Examples of an Ecosystem Approach	p. 138
Conclusions	p. 138
References	p. 138
Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Sustainable Management of Ecosystem Services	p. 140
Introduction	p. 141
Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment	p. 143
LCA Methodology: An Overview	p. 144
LCA as a Tool for Sustainable Management of Ecosystem Services	p. 150
Life Cycle Impacts of Energy: The Electricity Sector	p. 150
Life Cycle Impacts of Transport	p. 153
Life Cycle Impacts of Industry: The Example of the Chemical Sector	p. 157
Life Cycle Impacts in the Food Sector	p. 159
Conclusions	p. 164
Appendix 1 CML 2 Method: Definition of Environmental Impact Categories	p. 164
References	p. 166
Subject Index	p. 169
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Ecosystem Services

At a Glance

Hardcover

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