Ecological Studies

By: Dag Hessen (Editor)

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Hardcover | 14 December 2001

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Hardcover
344 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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Although there are some biological processes that are supported by UV radiation, most organisms are stressed by it in various ways, e.g. through DNA damage.
Top international experts present an integrated overview of UV radiation and its effects on terrestrial, freshwater and marine Arctic biota. Increased stratospheric ozone depletion and the corresponding increase in ground levels of UV radiation as well as ambient, "natural" UV radiation as a key ecological factor in the Arctic spring and summer are discussed in detail. Additionally, basic information on Arctic ecosystems is given. The volume provides not only an excellent account of present-day knowledge of the subject, but also describes the state of the art on which future research can be built.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews of the first edition:

"... an excellent insight into Arctic ecosystems as well as the effects of UV radiation on them ... The book is likely to be an important addition to libraries and bookshelves of ecologists, photobiologists, limnologists, and marine biologists, and probably many more besides." (Polar Record)

"Hessens's multi-author volume is an important work as it provides a logical series of chapters that address the role of UV radiation in the Arctic. ... The book is a nice balance in many respects. Spatially, many of the chapters cover different areas of the Arctic. Phylogenetically, we are treated to an examination of organisms from bacteria to humans and most groups in between. ... the book is an excellent insight into Artic ecosystems as well as the effects of UV radiation on them." (Charles Cockell, Polar Record, Vol. 39, 2003)

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Paperback

Published: 21st January 2013

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Ozone Depletion and UV Radiation in the Arctic
Recent Changes in Surface UV Radiation and Stratospheric Ozone at a High Arctic Site	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Atmospheric Ozone	p. 4
Natural Variations	p. 4
Long-Term Ozone Changes at High Latitudes	p. 6
UV Radiation	p. 9
Spectral Distribution and UV Controlling Factors	p. 9
Arctic UV Radiation	p. 12
UV Radiation Model	p. 19
Summary	p. 19
References	p. 20
Spectral Properties and UV Attenuation in Arctic Marine Waters	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Factors Determining the Vertical Attenuation of Irradiance in the Sea	p. 25
Transmission of Irradiance Through the Surface of the Sea	p. 25
Vertical Attenuation Coefficient of Downward Irradiance	p. 26
Spectral Properties of Marine Optical Components	p. 27
Pure Seawater	p. 27
Yellow Substance	p. 28
Phytoplankton and Associated Detritus	p. 31
Minerogenic Particles	p. 33
Sea Ice	p. 34
Relations Between Spectral Vertical Attenuation Coefficients	p. 35
Methods	p. 38
Representation of UV Daylight Transparency	p. 38
Instruments	p. 39
Regional Transparency of UV Daylight	p. 40
Characteristics of Arctic Marine Waters	p. 40
Nordic and Barents Seas	p. 42
Kara Sea and Davis Strait	p. 48
Summary and Conclusions	p. 51
References	p. 52
Spectral Properties and UV Attenuation in Arctic Freshwater Systems	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Optical Properties of Arctic Lakes	p. 59
UV Scenarios for Arctic Lakes	p. 67
Summary	p. 69
References	p. 70
UV and the Optical Properties of Sea Ice and Snow	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Sea Ice Structure and Morphology	p. 74
Theory	p. 76
Observations	p. 79
Models	p. 82
Summary	p. 86
References	p. 87
UV Radiation and Arctic Terrestrial Systems
Effects of UV-B Radiation on Terrestrial Organisms and Ecosystems with Special Reference to the Arctic	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Terrestrial Arctic Conditions and UV-B Effects	p. 94
UV-B Effects of Biological Interest on Dead Matter	p. 96
Effects on the Atmosphere	p. 96
Effects on the Oxidation State and Biological Availability of Iron and Manganese	p. 97
Effects on Plant Litter and Humic Acid	p. 97
The Molecular Targets in Organisms	p. 98
Effects on Plants	p. 99
Effects on Growth and Morphological Changes in Plants	p. 99
Effects on Mosses	p. 100
Effects on Photosynthesis	p. 100
Effects on Plant Reproduction and Phenology	p. 100
Effects on Interspecies Competition Among Plants	p. 103
Effects on Plant Secondary Metabolism and on Emission of Volatile Organic Substances from Plants	p. 104
Long-Term Effects on Plant Populations and on Ecosystem Primary Productivity	p. 105
UV-B Effects on Terrestrial Antarctic Plants	p. 106
Effects on Terrestrial Microorganisms	p. 106
Changing Research Focus	p. 106
Nonpathogenic Fungi	p. 107
Plant Pathogens	p. 108
Insect Pathogens	p. 109
Vitamin D2 and D3 Formation in Fungi and Lichens	p. 109
Secondary Metabolism, Pigmentation and Morphogenesis in Fungi	p. 110
UV-B Effects on Cyanobacteria	p. 110
Snow Algae	p. 111
Effects on Animals	p. 111
Vertebrates	p. 111
Invertebrates	p. 112
Summary	p. 113
References	p. 114
UV Tolerance, Pigmentation and Life Forms in High Arctic Collembola	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Collembola: Life Forms and Pigmentation	p. 124
The Species Studied	p. 125
UV Exposure and UV Tolerance	p. 126
Pigmentation, Photoprotection and Spatial Structure of Species Assemblages	p. 130
Summary	p. 132
References	p. 132
UV Radiation and Arctic Freshwater Systems
UV Effects on Aquatic Microbial Food Webs in Northern Lakes and Rivers	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Biological UV Exposure	p. 139
Planktonic Microbial Communities	p. 142
Phototrophs	p. 142
Heterotrophs	p. 145
Benthic Microbial Communities	p. 147
Summary	p. 149
References	p. 151
UV Radiation and Arctic Freshwater Zooplankton	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Ambient UV Radiation	p. 158
Lines of Defense Against UV Damage	p. 162
Seasonal and Spatial Responses	p. 163
Photoprotective Pigmentation	p. 165
Anti-Oxidants	p. 169
Evidence for in Situ UV Effects	p. 173
Direct UV Effects	p. 173
Indirect UV Effects	p. 174
UV and Multiple Stress Effects	p. 175
Oxygen and Temperature	p. 176
UV and Low Food	p. 177
UV and Water Chemistry	p. 177
Summary	p. 179
References	p. 180
UV Radiation and the Pelagic Food Web of Arctic Freshwaters	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
UV-Induced Top-Down Effects	p. 187
Zooplankton Grazing	p. 188
Bottom-Up Effects	p. 190
Changes in Food Quality for Grazers	p. 190
Community Shifts in Food Resources	p. 192
Summary	p. 194
References	p. 195
UV Radiation and Arctic Marine Systems
UV Radiation Effects on Phytoplankton Primary Production: A Comparison Between Arctic and Antarctic Marine Ecosystems	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Similarities and Differences Between the Arctic and Antarctica	p. 204
UV Radiation Effects upon Polar Marine Phytoplankton	p. 207
Short-Term Effects of UV Radiation	p. 208
Long-Term Effects of UV Radiation	p. 214
Importance of Water Mixing	p. 219
Summary	p. 219
References	p. 220
UV Radiation and Arctic Marine Macroalgae	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Macroalgae in the Arctic Environment	p. 228
Photosynthesis	p. 230
Protection by UV Radiation Screening Compounds	p. 233
Impact on Different Developmental Stages	p. 236
UV Radiation Effects on Growth	p. 237
Summary	p. 239
References	p. 240
UV Radiation and Pelagic Bacteria	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Photochemical Transformation in the Arctic - Is It Different from Other Marine Environments?	p. 247
The Bacterial Community of the Arctic	p. 251
Mixing Processes, Photochemical Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Interaction with Bacteria - The Impact of UV Radiation in the Dynamic Context	p. 253
Summary	p. 255
References	p. 256
Impacts of UV Radiation on Crustacean Zooplankton and Ichthyoplankton: Case Studies from Subarctic Marine Ecosystems	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Case Study I - Lofoten, Norway	p. 262
Hydrographics of the Lofoten Area	p. 263
The UV Environment of the Norwegian Coast	p. 263
UV Responses in Arcto-Norwegian Cod Eggs	p. 265
UV Responses in Arcto-Norwegian Cod Yolk Sac Larvae	p. 269
In-Situ Measurements on the Lofoten Spawning Banks	p. 272
Summary of Case Study I	p. 273
Case Study II - Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada	p. 274
Hydrographics of the Study Area	p. 274
The UV Environment of the GulfofSt.Lawrence	p. 276
Species Studied	p. 278
Effects of UV-B on Crustacean Zooplankton and Ichthyoplankton	p. 279
Ecological Context	p. 293
Summary ofCase Study II and Parting Words of Caution	p. 296
References	p. 297
UV Radiation and the Arctic Human Population0
Human Health and Arctic Ozone Depletion	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Is UV-B Radiation a Health Risk in the Arctic?	p. 309
Pollutants and UV-B	p. 309
Arctic Environmental Stressors	p. 309
UV-B and Immune Suppression	p. 310
Skin Cancer	p. 311
Dietary Factors and UV-B-Induced Immune Suppression	p. 312
Other Health Effects Associating UV-B and Arctic Ozone Depletion	p. 312
Summary	p. 313
References	p. 314
Subject Index	p. 317
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Ecological Studies

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