Fundamentals | |
Earthquakes: A Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Review of Historical Earthquakes | p. 6 |
Earthquake Risk Management: An Overview | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Overview of Earthquake Risk | p. 2 |
Identifying the Assets at Risk | p. 2 |
Earthquake Hazard | p. 3 |
Earthquake Damage and Loss | p. 4 |
Mitigation Alternatives | p. 7 |
Earthquake Risk Management Decision-Making | p. 9 |
Earthquake Risk Management Program | p. 13 |
Summary | p. 14 |
Dynamics of Structures | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Single-Degree-of-Freedom System | p. 2 |
Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems | p. 23 |
Geoscience Aspects | |
Earthquakes: Seismogenesis, Measurement, and Distribution | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting | p. 2 |
Measurement of Earthquakes | p. 6 |
Global Distribution of Earthquakes | p. 21 |
Characterization of Seismicity | p. 44 |
Engineering Models of Strong Ground Motion | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Attenuation Relation | p. 2 |
Model Parameters | p. 4 |
Statistical Methods | p. 14 |
Theoretical Methods | p. 18 |
Engineering Models | p. 23 |
Engineering Evaluation | p. 60 |
Simulation Modeling of Strong Ground Motion | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Earthquake Source Models | p. 3 |
Time Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion | p. 13 |
Frequency Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion | p. 17 |
Radiation Pattern and Directivity | p. 21 |
Simulation of Strong Ground Motion | p. 26 |
Geotechnical and Foundation Aspects | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Seismic Hazards | p. 2 |
Strong Ground Motion | p. 12 |
Dynamic Soil Behavior | p. 27 |
Liquefaction | p. 31 |
Seismic Analysis of Slopes and Dams | p. 43 |
Earthquake-Resistant Design of Retaining Walls | p. 47 |
Soil Remediation Techniques for Mitigation of Seismic Hazards | p. 53 |
Seismic Hazard Analysis | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology | p. 2 |
Constituent Models of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology | p. 4 |
Definition of Seismic Sources | p. 6 |
Earthquake Frequency Assessments | p. 10 |
Maximum Magnitude Assessments | p. 19 |
Ground Motion Attenuation Relationships | p. 23 |
Accounting for Uncertainties | p. 24 |
Typical Engineering Products of PSHA | p. 26 |
PSHA Disaggregation | p. 28 |
PSHA Case Study | p. 31 |
The Owen Fracture Zone-Murray Ridge Complex | p. 35 |
Makran Subduction Zone | p. 37 |
Southwestern India and Southern Pakistan | p. 38 |
Southeastern Arabian Peninsula and Northern Arabian Sea | p. 39 |
Ground Motion Models | p. 40 |
Soil Amplification Factors | p. 42 |
Results | p. 42 |
Conclusions | p. 42 |
PSHA Computer Codes | p. 43 |
Tsunami and Seiche | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Tsunamis vs. Wind Waves | p. 2 |
Tectonic Tsunami Sources | p. 13 |
Initial Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides | p. 19 |
Exact Solutions of the Shallow-Water (SW) Equations | p. 25 |
Numerical Solutions for Calculating Tsunami Inundation | p. 46 |
Harbor and Basin Oscillations | p. 53 |
Tsunami Forces | p. 67 |
Producing Inundation Maps | p. 79 |
Soil-Structure Interaction | p. 1 |
Soil-Structure Interaction: Statement of the Problem | p. 1 |
Specification of the Free-Field Ground Motion | p. 4 |
Modeling of the Soil | p. 19 |
Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis | p. 22 |
Soil-Structure Interaction Response | p. 28 |
Structural Aspects | |
Building Code Provisions for Seismic Resistance | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Historical Development | p. 2 |
2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions | p. 11 |
Performance-Based Design Codes | p. 25 |
Seismic Design of Steel Structures | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Historic Development and Performance of Steel Structures | p. 2 |
Steel Making and Steel Material | p. 8 |
Structural Systems | p. 21 |
Unbraced Frames | p. 29 |
Design Procedure for a Typical Reduced Beam Section-Type Connection | p. 41 |
Reinforced Concrete Structures | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Basic Concepts | p. 2 |
Seismic Behavior | p. 5 |
Analytical Models | p. 12 |
Seismic Design | p. 25 |
Seismic Retrofit | p. 40 |
Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 2 |
Performance of Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings in Earthquakes | p. 7 |
Code Provisions for Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 10 |
Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 15 |
Wood Structures | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Wood As a Material | p. 6 |
Seismic Performance of Wood Buildings | p. 8 |
Design Considerations | p. 12 |
Resistance Determination | p. 13 |
Diaphragms | p. 21 |
Shear Walls | p. 25 |
Connections | p. 35 |
Seismic Behavior, Design, and Retrofitting of Masonry | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Masonry in the United States | p. 2 |
Performance of Masonry in U.S. Earthquakes | p. 8 |
Fundamental Basis for Seismic Design of Masonry in the United States | p. 16 |
Masonry Design Codes Used in the United States | p. 19 |
Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry | p. 25 |
Seismic Retrofitting of Historical Masonry in the United States | p. 29 |
Base Isolation | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Philosophy behind Seismic Isolation Systems | p. 4 |
Basic Requirements of Seismic Isolation Systems | p. 7 |
Design Criteria for Isolation Devices | p. 9 |
Design of High Damping Rubber Bearings | p. 9 |
Design of Lead Rubber Bearings | p. 15 |
Design of Friction Pendulum Systems | p. 18 |
Design Examples | p. 19 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 30 |
Bridges | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Earthquake Damages to Bridges | p. 1 |
Seismic Design Philosophies | p. 2 |
Seismic Conceptual Design | p. 5 |
Seismic Performance Criteria | p. 9 |
Seismic Design Approaches | p. 15 |
Seismic Analysis and Modeling | p. 31 |
Seismic Detailing Requirements | p. 37 |
Structural Control | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Structural Control Concepts | p. 5 |
Structural Control Hardware and Software | p. 7 |
Examples of the Application of Semiactive Control | p. 13 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 26 |
Equipment and Systems | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Importance of Equipment Seismic Functionality | p. 2 |
Historical Performance | p. 3 |
Design Practices | p. 14 |
Code Provisions | p. 17 |
Assessment of Existing Facilities | p. 23 |
Nonstructural Damage | p. 45 |
Seismic Vulnerability | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Method 1: Statistical Approach | p. 6 |
Method 2: Expert Opinion | p. 14 |
Analytical Methods: General | p. 17 |
Validation of Vulnerability Functions | p. 30 |
Catalog of Vulnerability Functions | p. 31 |
Uses of Vulnerability Functions | p. 39 |
Closing Remarks | p. 41 |
Infrastructure Aspects | |
Lifeline Seismic Risk | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Brief History of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in the United States | p. 2 |
Nonlinearity of Earthquakes | p. 4 |
Indirect Economic Losses | p. 6 |
Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategies | p. 7 |
Federal and Industry Lifeline Initiatives | p. 8 |
Lifeline Seismic Risk | p. 8 |
Buried Pipelines | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Pipeline Performance in Past Earthquakes | p. 2 |
PGD Hazard Quantification | p. 6 |
Wave Propagation Hazard Quantification | p. 11 |
Pipe Failure Modes and Failure Criterion | p. 14 |
Pipeline Response to Faulting | p. 17 |
Pipeline Response to Longitudinal PGD | p. 21 |
Pipeline Response to Transverse PGD | p. 24 |
Pipeline Response to Wave Propagation | p. 28 |
Countermeasures to Mitigate Seismic Damage | p. 33 |
Water and Wastewater Systems | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Performance Objectives | p. 5 |
Analysis Overview | p. 6 |
Hazards | p. 7 |
Pipe Vulnerability and Damage Algorithms | p. 11 |
System Component Vulnerability | p. 18 |
System Assessment | p. 22 |
Mitigation Alternatives | p. 23 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 34 |
Electrical Power Systems | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Historical Response of Electrical Power Systems to Earthquakes | p. 7 |
Code Provision, Standards and Guidelines for Electrical Systems | p. 10 |
Earthquake Preparedness | p. 10 |
Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation | p. 11 |
Earthquake Preparedness--Disaster-Response Planning | p. 13 |
Earthquake Preparedness--Earthquake Mitigation | p. 14 |
Earthquake Preparedness--Mitigation | p. 17 |
Closing Remarks | p. 23 |
Dams and Appurtenant Facilities | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Dams and Earthquakes | p. 2 |
Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Dams | p. 9 |
Seismic Evaluation of Dams | p. 12 |
Seismic Upgrade of Existing Dams | p. 35 |
Seismic Design of New Dams | p. 36 |
Seismic Instrumentation of Dams | p. 38 |
Port Structures | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Seismic Response of Port Structures | p. 1 |
Current Seismic Provisions for Port Structures | p. 13 |
Seismic Performance-Based Design | p. 15 |
Seismic Performance Evaluation and Analysis | p. 17 |
Methods for Analysis of Retaining/Earth Structures | p. 19 |
Analysis Methods for Open Pile/Frame Structures | p. 20 |
Special Topics | |
Human Impacts of Earthquakes | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Casualties in Historic Earthquakes | p. 2 |
A Standardized Earthquake Injury Classification Scheme | p. 7 |
Casualty Estimation Methodology | p. 11 |
Casualty Mitigation and Prevention | p. 19 |
Public Health Impacts | p. 20 |
Shelter Requirements | p. 23 |
Closing Remarks | p. 25 |
Fire Following Earthquakes | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Fires following Selected Earthquakes | p. 3 |
Analysis | p. 31 |
Mitigation | p. 46 |
Conclusion | p. 59 |
Hazardous Materials: Earthquake-Caused Incidents and Mitigation Approaches | p. 1 |
Introduction and Significance of Earthquake-Caused Hazardous Materials Incidents | p. 2 |
The Loma Prieta Earthquake | p. 5 |
The Northridge Earthquake | p. 8 |
The Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake | p. 10 |
Earthquake-Caused HAZMAT Incidents at Educational Institutions and Laboratories | p. 12 |
Damage and Corrective Actions at Japanese Petroleum Facilities | p. 18 |
Lessons Learned | p. 20 |
Mitigation Approaches | p. 24 |
Problem Areas That Must Be Addressed | p. 27 |
Conclusions | p. 27 |
Loss Estimation | p. 1 |
Introduction and Overview | p. 1 |
Why Do We Need Loss Estimation? | p. 2 |
History of Loss Estimation | p. 4 |
Loss Modeling | p. 4 |
The Hazard Module | p. 9 |
Seismic Vulnerability Models | p. 12 |
Damage and Loss Estimation | p. 13 |
HAZUS Earthquake Loss Estimation Software | p. 16 |
Applications of Loss Estimation | p. 18 |
Insurance and Financial Risk Transfer | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Insurance and the Insurance Industry | p. 2 |
Earthquake Insurance | p. 8 |
Earthquake Insurance Risk Assessment | p. 11 |
Government Earthquake Insurance Pools | p. 20 |
Alternative Risk Transfer | p. 26 |
Summary | p. 29 |
Emergency Planning | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Planning for Emergencies | p. 3 |
Writing the Emergency Plan | p. 10 |
The Emergency Operations Center (EOC) | p. 24 |
Training and Maintenance of the Emergency Plan | p. 25 |
Summary: Developing an Emergency Plan | p. 27 |
Appendix A | p. 29 |
Appendix B | p. 35 |
Developing an Earthquake Mitigation Program | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Overview of an Earthquake Mitigation Program | p. 2 |
Phase 0: Pre-Program Activities | p. 2 |
Phase 1: Assessing the Problem | p. 4 |
Phase 2: Developing the Program | p. 7 |
Phase 3: Implementing the Program | p. 12 |
Maintaining the Program | p. 19 |
Index | p. 1 |
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