| Fundamentals | |
| Earthquakes: A Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Review of Historical Earthquakes | p. 6 |
| Earthquake Risk Management: An Overview | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Overview of Earthquake Risk | p. 2 |
| Identifying the Assets at Risk | p. 2 |
| Earthquake Hazard | p. 3 |
| Earthquake Damage and Loss | p. 4 |
| Mitigation Alternatives | p. 7 |
| Earthquake Risk Management Decision-Making | p. 9 |
| Earthquake Risk Management Program | p. 13 |
| Summary | p. 14 |
| Dynamics of Structures | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Single-Degree-of-Freedom System | p. 2 |
| Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems | p. 23 |
| Geoscience Aspects | |
| Earthquakes: Seismogenesis, Measurement, and Distribution | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting | p. 2 |
| Measurement of Earthquakes | p. 6 |
| Global Distribution of Earthquakes | p. 21 |
| Characterization of Seismicity | p. 44 |
| Engineering Models of Strong Ground Motion | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Attenuation Relation | p. 2 |
| Model Parameters | p. 4 |
| Statistical Methods | p. 14 |
| Theoretical Methods | p. 18 |
| Engineering Models | p. 23 |
| Engineering Evaluation | p. 60 |
| Simulation Modeling of Strong Ground Motion | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Earthquake Source Models | p. 3 |
| Time Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion | p. 13 |
| Frequency Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion | p. 17 |
| Radiation Pattern and Directivity | p. 21 |
| Simulation of Strong Ground Motion | p. 26 |
| Geotechnical and Foundation Aspects | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Seismic Hazards | p. 2 |
| Strong Ground Motion | p. 12 |
| Dynamic Soil Behavior | p. 27 |
| Liquefaction | p. 31 |
| Seismic Analysis of Slopes and Dams | p. 43 |
| Earthquake-Resistant Design of Retaining Walls | p. 47 |
| Soil Remediation Techniques for Mitigation of Seismic Hazards | p. 53 |
| Seismic Hazard Analysis | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology | p. 2 |
| Constituent Models of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology | p. 4 |
| Definition of Seismic Sources | p. 6 |
| Earthquake Frequency Assessments | p. 10 |
| Maximum Magnitude Assessments | p. 19 |
| Ground Motion Attenuation Relationships | p. 23 |
| Accounting for Uncertainties | p. 24 |
| Typical Engineering Products of PSHA | p. 26 |
| PSHA Disaggregation | p. 28 |
| PSHA Case Study | p. 31 |
| The Owen Fracture Zone-Murray Ridge Complex | p. 35 |
| Makran Subduction Zone | p. 37 |
| Southwestern India and Southern Pakistan | p. 38 |
| Southeastern Arabian Peninsula and Northern Arabian Sea | p. 39 |
| Ground Motion Models | p. 40 |
| Soil Amplification Factors | p. 42 |
| Results | p. 42 |
| Conclusions | p. 42 |
| PSHA Computer Codes | p. 43 |
| Tsunami and Seiche | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Tsunamis vs. Wind Waves | p. 2 |
| Tectonic Tsunami Sources | p. 13 |
| Initial Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides | p. 19 |
| Exact Solutions of the Shallow-Water (SW) Equations | p. 25 |
| Numerical Solutions for Calculating Tsunami Inundation | p. 46 |
| Harbor and Basin Oscillations | p. 53 |
| Tsunami Forces | p. 67 |
| Producing Inundation Maps | p. 79 |
| Soil-Structure Interaction | p. 1 |
| Soil-Structure Interaction: Statement of the Problem | p. 1 |
| Specification of the Free-Field Ground Motion | p. 4 |
| Modeling of the Soil | p. 19 |
| Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis | p. 22 |
| Soil-Structure Interaction Response | p. 28 |
| Structural Aspects | |
| Building Code Provisions for Seismic Resistance | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Development | p. 2 |
| 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions | p. 11 |
| Performance-Based Design Codes | p. 25 |
| Seismic Design of Steel Structures | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historic Development and Performance of Steel Structures | p. 2 |
| Steel Making and Steel Material | p. 8 |
| Structural Systems | p. 21 |
| Unbraced Frames | p. 29 |
| Design Procedure for a Typical Reduced Beam Section-Type Connection | p. 41 |
| Reinforced Concrete Structures | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Basic Concepts | p. 2 |
| Seismic Behavior | p. 5 |
| Analytical Models | p. 12 |
| Seismic Design | p. 25 |
| Seismic Retrofit | p. 40 |
| Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 2 |
| Performance of Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings in Earthquakes | p. 7 |
| Code Provisions for Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 10 |
| Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Tilt-Up Buildings | p. 15 |
| Wood Structures | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Wood As a Material | p. 6 |
| Seismic Performance of Wood Buildings | p. 8 |
| Design Considerations | p. 12 |
| Resistance Determination | p. 13 |
| Diaphragms | p. 21 |
| Shear Walls | p. 25 |
| Connections | p. 35 |
| Seismic Behavior, Design, and Retrofitting of Masonry | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Masonry in the United States | p. 2 |
| Performance of Masonry in U.S. Earthquakes | p. 8 |
| Fundamental Basis for Seismic Design of Masonry in the United States | p. 16 |
| Masonry Design Codes Used in the United States | p. 19 |
| Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry | p. 25 |
| Seismic Retrofitting of Historical Masonry in the United States | p. 29 |
| Base Isolation | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Philosophy behind Seismic Isolation Systems | p. 4 |
| Basic Requirements of Seismic Isolation Systems | p. 7 |
| Design Criteria for Isolation Devices | p. 9 |
| Design of High Damping Rubber Bearings | p. 9 |
| Design of Lead Rubber Bearings | p. 15 |
| Design of Friction Pendulum Systems | p. 18 |
| Design Examples | p. 19 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 30 |
| Bridges | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Earthquake Damages to Bridges | p. 1 |
| Seismic Design Philosophies | p. 2 |
| Seismic Conceptual Design | p. 5 |
| Seismic Performance Criteria | p. 9 |
| Seismic Design Approaches | p. 15 |
| Seismic Analysis and Modeling | p. 31 |
| Seismic Detailing Requirements | p. 37 |
| Structural Control | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Structural Control Concepts | p. 5 |
| Structural Control Hardware and Software | p. 7 |
| Examples of the Application of Semiactive Control | p. 13 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 26 |
| Equipment and Systems | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Importance of Equipment Seismic Functionality | p. 2 |
| Historical Performance | p. 3 |
| Design Practices | p. 14 |
| Code Provisions | p. 17 |
| Assessment of Existing Facilities | p. 23 |
| Nonstructural Damage | p. 45 |
| Seismic Vulnerability | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Method 1: Statistical Approach | p. 6 |
| Method 2: Expert Opinion | p. 14 |
| Analytical Methods: General | p. 17 |
| Validation of Vulnerability Functions | p. 30 |
| Catalog of Vulnerability Functions | p. 31 |
| Uses of Vulnerability Functions | p. 39 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 41 |
| Infrastructure Aspects | |
| Lifeline Seismic Risk | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Brief History of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in the United States | p. 2 |
| Nonlinearity of Earthquakes | p. 4 |
| Indirect Economic Losses | p. 6 |
| Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategies | p. 7 |
| Federal and Industry Lifeline Initiatives | p. 8 |
| Lifeline Seismic Risk | p. 8 |
| Buried Pipelines | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Pipeline Performance in Past Earthquakes | p. 2 |
| PGD Hazard Quantification | p. 6 |
| Wave Propagation Hazard Quantification | p. 11 |
| Pipe Failure Modes and Failure Criterion | p. 14 |
| Pipeline Response to Faulting | p. 17 |
| Pipeline Response to Longitudinal PGD | p. 21 |
| Pipeline Response to Transverse PGD | p. 24 |
| Pipeline Response to Wave Propagation | p. 28 |
| Countermeasures to Mitigate Seismic Damage | p. 33 |
| Water and Wastewater Systems | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Performance Objectives | p. 5 |
| Analysis Overview | p. 6 |
| Hazards | p. 7 |
| Pipe Vulnerability and Damage Algorithms | p. 11 |
| System Component Vulnerability | p. 18 |
| System Assessment | p. 22 |
| Mitigation Alternatives | p. 23 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 34 |
| Electrical Power Systems | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Response of Electrical Power Systems to Earthquakes | p. 7 |
| Code Provision, Standards and Guidelines for Electrical Systems | p. 10 |
| Earthquake Preparedness | p. 10 |
| Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation | p. 11 |
| Earthquake Preparedness--Disaster-Response Planning | p. 13 |
| Earthquake Preparedness--Earthquake Mitigation | p. 14 |
| Earthquake Preparedness--Mitigation | p. 17 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 23 |
| Dams and Appurtenant Facilities | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Dams and Earthquakes | p. 2 |
| Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Dams | p. 9 |
| Seismic Evaluation of Dams | p. 12 |
| Seismic Upgrade of Existing Dams | p. 35 |
| Seismic Design of New Dams | p. 36 |
| Seismic Instrumentation of Dams | p. 38 |
| Port Structures | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Seismic Response of Port Structures | p. 1 |
| Current Seismic Provisions for Port Structures | p. 13 |
| Seismic Performance-Based Design | p. 15 |
| Seismic Performance Evaluation and Analysis | p. 17 |
| Methods for Analysis of Retaining/Earth Structures | p. 19 |
| Analysis Methods for Open Pile/Frame Structures | p. 20 |
| Special Topics | |
| Human Impacts of Earthquakes | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Casualties in Historic Earthquakes | p. 2 |
| A Standardized Earthquake Injury Classification Scheme | p. 7 |
| Casualty Estimation Methodology | p. 11 |
| Casualty Mitigation and Prevention | p. 19 |
| Public Health Impacts | p. 20 |
| Shelter Requirements | p. 23 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 25 |
| Fire Following Earthquakes | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Fires following Selected Earthquakes | p. 3 |
| Analysis | p. 31 |
| Mitigation | p. 46 |
| Conclusion | p. 59 |
| Hazardous Materials: Earthquake-Caused Incidents and Mitigation Approaches | p. 1 |
| Introduction and Significance of Earthquake-Caused Hazardous Materials Incidents | p. 2 |
| The Loma Prieta Earthquake | p. 5 |
| The Northridge Earthquake | p. 8 |
| The Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake | p. 10 |
| Earthquake-Caused HAZMAT Incidents at Educational Institutions and Laboratories | p. 12 |
| Damage and Corrective Actions at Japanese Petroleum Facilities | p. 18 |
| Lessons Learned | p. 20 |
| Mitigation Approaches | p. 24 |
| Problem Areas That Must Be Addressed | p. 27 |
| Conclusions | p. 27 |
| Loss Estimation | p. 1 |
| Introduction and Overview | p. 1 |
| Why Do We Need Loss Estimation? | p. 2 |
| History of Loss Estimation | p. 4 |
| Loss Modeling | p. 4 |
| The Hazard Module | p. 9 |
| Seismic Vulnerability Models | p. 12 |
| Damage and Loss Estimation | p. 13 |
| HAZUS Earthquake Loss Estimation Software | p. 16 |
| Applications of Loss Estimation | p. 18 |
| Insurance and Financial Risk Transfer | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Insurance and the Insurance Industry | p. 2 |
| Earthquake Insurance | p. 8 |
| Earthquake Insurance Risk Assessment | p. 11 |
| Government Earthquake Insurance Pools | p. 20 |
| Alternative Risk Transfer | p. 26 |
| Summary | p. 29 |
| Emergency Planning | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Planning for Emergencies | p. 3 |
| Writing the Emergency Plan | p. 10 |
| The Emergency Operations Center (EOC) | p. 24 |
| Training and Maintenance of the Emergency Plan | p. 25 |
| Summary: Developing an Emergency Plan | p. 27 |
| Appendix A | p. 29 |
| Appendix B | p. 35 |
| Developing an Earthquake Mitigation Program | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Overview of an Earthquake Mitigation Program | p. 2 |
| Phase 0: Pre-Program Activities | p. 2 |
| Phase 1: Assessing the Problem | p. 4 |
| Phase 2: Developing the Program | p. 7 |
| Phase 3: Implementing the Program | p. 12 |
| Maintaining the Program | p. 19 |
| Index | p. 1 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
