| Symptoms and Threats | p. 1 |
| Damage and Upset | p. 3 |
| Nature of Electrical Overstress Problem | p. 3 |
| Organization of This Book | p. 4 |
| Nomenclature | p. 5 |
| Damage and Upset Thresholds | p. 6 |
| Threats | p. 13 |
| Lightning | p. 13 |
| Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) from Nuclear Weapons | p. 15 |
| Comparison of Lightning and HEMP | p. 24 |
| Significance of EMP | p. 25 |
| High-Power Microwave | p. 25 |
| Electrostatic Discharge | p. 26 |
| Switching of Reactive Loads | p. 27 |
| Surveys of Threats in Specific Environments | p. 34 |
| Overvoltages on Telephone Lines | p. 34 |
| Overvoltages on Computer Data Lines | p. 35 |
| Definitions of Disturbances on the Mains | p. 37 |
| Surveys of Disturbances on the Mains: Review of the Literature | p. 41 |
| Conclusions from Review of the Literature | p. 48 |
| Suggestions for Monitoring Disturbances | p. 53 |
| Propagation of Overvoltages | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| Common and Differential Modes | p. 56 |
| Transmission Line Theory | p. 63 |
| Effect of Series Resistance | p. 68 |
| Real Transmission Lines: Nonuniformity | p. 70 |
| Reflections | p. 71 |
| Transmission Line versus Ordinary Circuit Analysis | p. 72 |
| Attenuation of Short-Duration Surges | p. 73 |
| Generation of Ring Waves | p. 74 |
| Artificial Mains Network | p. 76 |
| Standard Overstress Waveforms Used in the Laboratory | p. 80 |
| Introduction | p. 80 |
| Nomenclature | p. 81 |
| Standard Overstress Test Waveforms | p. 86 |
| Energy Transfer | p. 100 |
| Frequency Spectra | p. 104 |
| Conclusion | p. 108 |
| Overview of Surge Protection | p. 109 |
| Blocking or Diverting | p. 109 |
| General Form | p. 110 |
| General Overvoltage Suppression Circuit | p. 111 |
| Overview of Nonlinear Components | p. 113 |
| Protective Devices | p. 115 |
| Gas Tubes | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| V-I Characteristic | p. 118 |
| Follow Current | p. 121 |
| Specification of Spark Gap Parameters for Reliable Operation | p. 124 |
| Transient Operation | p. 124 |
| Spark Gaps | p. 127 |
| Neon Lamps | p. 130 |
| Packaging Options | p. 132 |
| Varistors | p. 133 |
| V-I Curve | p. 133 |
| Failure Modes | p. 138 |
| Applications | p. 138 |
| Use of Varistors with Spark Gaps | p. 142 |
| Varistor Packages | p. 143 |
| Silicon Carbide Varistors | p. 144 |
| Avalanche and Zener Diodes | p. 146 |
| Avalanche versus Zener Diodes | p. 146 |
| Models of Avalanche Diodes | p. 152 |
| Selenium Diodes | p. 155 |
| Semiconductor Diodes and Rectifiers | p. 156 |
| Forward-Biased Diodes | p. 156 |
| Use of Diodes as Clamps | p. 160 |
| Types of Diodes | p. 161 |
| Low-Leakage Diodes | p. 162 |
| PIN Diodes | p. 165 |
| Thyristors | p. 166 |
| Description of Devices | p. 166 |
| Basic Crowbar Circuits | p. 167 |
| Integrated Avalanche Diode and SCR | p. 169 |
| Impedances and Current Limiters | p. 171 |
| Resistors | p. 171 |
| Positive Temperature Coefficient Devices | p. 174 |
| Inductors | p. 175 |
| Common-Mode Choke | p. 176 |
| Capacitors | p. 177 |
| Fuses and Circuit Breakers | p. 179 |
| Superconductors | p. 183 |
| Filters | p. 184 |
| Introduction | p. 184 |
| Customary Use of Filters | p. 185 |
| Problems with the Use of Filters as a Surge Protective Device | p. 188 |
| Use of Filters with Nonlinear Surge Protective Devices | p. 190 |
| Lossy Line | p. 192 |
| Isolation Devices | p. 194 |
| Introduction | p. 194 |
| Isolation Transformers | p. 194 |
| Optical Isolators | p. 197 |
| Fiber Optics | p. 200 |
| Parasitic Inductance | p. 202 |
| Introduction | p. 202 |
| Parasitic Inductance and Shunt SPDs | p. 202 |
| Techniques for Minimizing Inductance in Shunt Devices | p. 205 |
| Inadvertent Transformer Effect | p. 209 |
| Parasitic Inductance of Capacitors | p. 213 |
| Applications of Protective Devices | p. 219 |
| Overview of Applications | p. 221 |
| Lessons for Managers | p. 221 |
| Design Strategies | p. 222 |
| Economic Issues | p. 226 |
| Design Goals: Worst-Case Overstress and Absolute Protection | p. 227 |
| Desirable Properties of Protective Circuits | p. 228 |
| Where Should SPDs Be Installed? | p. 233 |
| Applications in Signal Circuits | p. 236 |
| Introduction | p. 236 |
| Spark Gap and Avalanche Diode Circuit | p. 236 |
| Diode Clamps to Power Supply | p. 244 |
| Balanced Line Applications | p. 246 |
| Analog Applications | p. 249 |
| Digital Applications | p. 254 |
| Passive SPD for RS-232 Computer Data Lines | p. 255 |
| Active Overvoltage-Protected Receiver for RS-232 Computer Data Lines | p. 259 |
| Protection of Radio Frequency Signal Circuits | p. 262 |
| Applications in DC Power Supply | p. 265 |
| Introduction | p. 265 |
| Simple Linear Power Supply | p. 266 |
| Protection of Linear Power Supply from Overvoltages | p. 268 |
| Protection Against Transients at Loads | p. 274 |
| DC Crowbar | p. 277 |
| DC Uninterruptible Power Supply | p. 278 |
| Switching Power Supplies | p. 281 |
| Applications on the Mains | p. 284 |
| Introduction | p. 284 |
| Secondary Arrester | p. 286 |
| Branch Circuit Protection | p. 287 |
| Varistors Inside the Chassis | p. 289 |
| Parameters for Metal Oxide Varistors | p. 290 |
| Coordination of Protection | p. 294 |
| Transient Suppression at Source | p. 296 |
| Applications of Spark Gap and MOV on Mains | p. 297 |
| Overvoltage-Protected Low-Pass Filters | p. 300 |
| Mitigation of Disturbances on Mains | p. 309 |
| Introduction | p. 309 |
| Wiring and Operating Practices | p. 310 |
| Appliances | p. 313 |
| Coordination of UPS and Line Conditioner | p. 328 |
| Rational Protection | p. 329 |
| Recommended Protection Method | p. 331 |
| Zones of Protection | p. 333 |
| Conclusion | p. 335 |
| Circuits That Avoid Upset | p. 336 |
| Introduction | p. 336 |
| Upset Avoidance | p. 336 |
| Digital Circuits | p. 337 |
| Coordination of Overvoltage Protection and Upset Avoidance | p. 339 |
| Overvoltage Detection on Mains | p. 342 |
| Application of Upset Avoidance Circuits | p. 344 |
| Upset Due to Interruption of Mains | p. 344 |
| Validating Protective Measures | p. 347 |
| Testing | p. 349 |
| Introduction | p. 349 |
| Test Waveforms | p. 350 |
| Test Conditions | p. 356 |
| High-Voltage Laboratory Techniques | p. 363 |
| Introduction | p. 363 |
| Coupling Methods | p. 363 |
| Instrumentation | p. 367 |
| Current Measurements | p. 380 |
| Surge Generators | p. 386 |
| Safety | p. 389 |
| Introduction | p. 389 |
| Traditional Rules | p. 389 |
| Barriers | p. 393 |
| Do Not Work with Energized High-Voltage Circuits | p. 394 |
| X-Rays | p. 396 |
| Corona and Ozone | p. 396 |
| First Aid for Electric Shock | p. 397 |
| Medical Treatment of Electric Shock | p. 398 |
| Medical References | p. 401 |
| Appendices | p. 402 |
| Glossary | p. 402 |
| List of Manufacturers | p. 410 |
| Bibliography | p. 414 |
| Index | p. 431 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
