Domain-Level Reasoning for Spoken Dialogue Systems

By: Dirk BÃ¼hler, Wolfgang Minker

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Hardcover | 19 April 2011

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Reasoning for Information: Seeking and Planning Dialogues provides a logic-based reasoning component for spoken language dialogue systems. This component, called Problem Assistant is responsible for processing constraints on a possible solution obtained from various sources, namely user and the system's domain-specific information.

The authors also present findings on the implementation of a dialogue management interface to the Problem Assistant. The dialogue system supports simple mixed-initiative planning interactions in the TRAINS domain, which is still a relatively complex domain involving a number of logical constraints and relations forming the basis for the collaborative problem-solving behavior that drives the dialogue.

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Introduction	p. 1
Spoken-Language Dialogue Systems	p. 2
Problem Setting	p. 6
Proposed Solution - A Logic-Based Framework	p. 8
Document Structure	p. 11
Fundamentals of Dialogue Systems	p. 15
Introduction	p. 25
The Structure of Discourse	p. 17
A Hierarchical Model of Intentions	p. 19
Collaborative Negotiation	p. 21
Dialogue Scripts and Voice Browsers	p. 22
Information States and Dialogue Moves	p. 24
Concepts and Terminology	p. 26
Systems and Architectures	p. 27
Circuit Fix-It Shop	p. 28
TRAINS and TRIPS	p. 30
COLLAGEN	p. 33
SmartKom	p. 34
D'HOMME	p. 36
Discussion	p. 37
First-Order Logic	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
First-Order Languages	p. 42
Deduction	p. 44
Model-Theoretic Semantics	p. 45
Modelling Actions and Events in Logic	p. 47
Finite Model Generation Using Tableaux	p. 49
Discussion	p. 52
Logic-Based Domain Modelling	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Modelling Structural Information	p. 56
Modelling Dynamic Properties	p. 57
A Library of Reusable Domain Theories	p. 63
Basic Arithmetics	p. 63
Temporal Structure	p. 65
Lists	p. 66
Events	p. 68
Fluent Change Events	p. 69
Locations	p. 70
Relational Databases	p. 71
Application Domains	p. 73
Modelling the TRAINS Domain	p. 75
Discussion	p. 80
Interactive Model Generation	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Model Generation as a Reasoning Procedure	p. 84
The Core Reasoning Process	p. 86
Data Structures	p. 87
The Reasoner State	p. 88
The Iterative Reasoning Function	p. 90
Rules of Inference	p. 92
Handling Equality	p. 94
Optimisation Techniques	p. 95
The Interactive Protocol	p. 97
Accessing the Proof Database	p. 98
Managing Concurrent Reasoning Processes	p. 98
Controlling the Reasoning Process	p. 99
Accessing External Data Sources	p. 100
Adapting the Search Strategy	p. 101
Implementation	p. 102
Development and Testing	p. 102
Performance Tests	p. 104
Test Cases	p. 106
Enumerating Trains Models	p. 108
A Sample Trains Test Case	p. 109
A Distributed Batch Processing Architecture	p. 112
Interactive Testing	p. 113
Discussion	p. 113
A Prototype Based on VoiceXML	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
VoiceXML Platform	p. 116
Accessing the Reasoning Engine from VoiceXML	p. 117
Application Domain	p. 119
Dialogue Design	p. 120
Form Structure	p. 121
A Sample Interaction	p. 122
Discussion	p. 124
Information State-Based Dialogue Management	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Collaborating on Requirements and Inferences	p. 128
A Generic System Strategy	p. 129
Dialogue Moves	p. 131
Information State	p. 132
Processing User Requirements	p. 135
Answering User Questions	p. 137
Providing Inferences	p. 139
Resolving Conflicts	p. 140
Dealing with System Suggestions and Alternatives	p. 141
Retracting Inferences	p. 142
Using Hypothetical Reasoning	p. 142
Discussion	p. 144
Revised Prototype and System Architecture	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Architecture Considerations	p. 148
A Basic Black-Board Infrastructure	p. 149
Frame-Based Surface Level	p. 150
Refining the System Strategy	p. 152
The Revised Prototype	p. 153
Application Domain	p. 154
Natural Language Understanding	p. 155
Natural Language Output	p. 156
Discussion	p. 159
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 161
Summary	p. 161
Dialogue Management Approach	p. 163
Interactive Reasoning	p. 164
Architecture Prototypes	p. 165
Future Work	p. 166
Additions	p. 171
Description Logics	p. 171
SHRDLU	p. 172
Dialogue Systems As Proof Editors	p. 172
Closed World Assumption	p. 173
References	p. 175
Index	p. 183
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Domain-Level Reasoning for Spoken Dialogue Systems

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Hardcover

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