
Doing Task-based Teaching
A practical guide to task-based teaching for ELT training courses and practising teachers
By: Dave Willis, Jane Willis
Paperback | 26 April 2007
At a Glance
296 Pages
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Doing Task-based Teaching aims to answer this question by explaining the underlying principles of task-based teaching and learning, and by giving a practical, hands-on guide to designing, creating, and using tasks in the classroom.
The book draws on a worldwide survey of over 100 teachers currently involved in task-based teaching and includes many of the tasks and teaching ideas they sent in. These practical examples are set in the framework of the authors' extensive research into language learning.
After an introductory chapter explaining the theoretical basis of a task-based approach, the remainder of the book is firmly focused on classroom practice. There are chapters on:
- Task-based sequences in the classroom
- Tasks based on written and spoken texts
- From topic to task types: listing, sorting, and classifying
- From topic to task types: matching, comparing, problem-solving, projects, and storytelling
- Language focus and form focus
- The task-based classroom and the real world
- Adapting and refining tasks (to meet the needs of specific classes)
- Designing a task-based syllabus
- How to integrate task-based teaching with coursebooks, and other frequently asked questions
There are reader activities throughout the book and at the end of most chapters to help you reflect on the previous section and anticipate what is going to be covered in the next section. Many of these tasks are practical, e.g. designing a task or writing instructions for a class of your own. You can use these tasks individually, or as part of your teacher training course.
There are also practical examples of simple task-based lessons, projects and scenarios, and task-based course plans in appendices at the back of the book. These appendices also include transcripts of the task recordings referred to in the book, templates for lesson planning, and word frequency lists.
| Acknowledgements | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. xiii |
| The basis of a task-based approach | p. 1 |
| What do you think about task-based teaching? | p. 1 |
| Starting with form and starting with meaning: alternative approaches | p. 4 |
| Language as meaning | p. 6 |
| Meaning and tasks in the classroom | p. 8 |
| Characterizing tasks | p. 12 |
| Why not start with grammar? | p. 16 |
| Task-based sequences in the classroom | p. 21 |
| Task sequences | p. 21 |
| Planning a task sequence | p. 23 |
| Building in focus on form | p. 25 |
| Focus on form at the end of the sequence | p. 25 |
| Exploiting written language | p. 27 |
| Second language acquisition research and TBT | p. 30 |
| Tasks based on written and spoken texts | p. 33 |
| Introduction: reading for a purpose | p. 33 |
| Discussion tasks | p. 34 |
| Prediction tasks | p. 34 |
| Jigsaw task sequences | p. 41 |
| Student as question master | p. 43 |
| General knowledge tasks | p. 45 |
| Corrupted text | p. 48 |
| Factual gap filling | p. 48 |
| Linguistic gap filling | p. 49 |
| Ways to recycle texts | p. 53 |
| Corrupted text | p. 53 |
| Quizzes | p. 54 |
| Group dictation | p. 54 |
| Communal memory | p. 55 |
| Summaries | p. 56 |
| Personalizing tasks | p. 56 |
| Spoken texts | p. 56 |
| The nature of spoken text | p. 56 |
| Sources of spoken text | p. 59 |
| Review | p. 59 |
| Follow-up activities | p. 61 |
| From topic to task types: listing, sorting, and classifying | p. 63 |
| Introduction | p. 63 |
| Selecting topics | p. 64 |
| Tasks involving listing | p. 66 |
| Brainstorming | p. 66 |
| Fact-finding | p. 67 |
| Games based on listing: quizzes, memory challenge, and guessing games | p. 68 |
| Tasks for real beginners | p. 69 |
| Evaluating a task | p. 70 |
| Pre-task priming and post-task activities | p. 71 |
| Summary | p. 72 |
| Tasks involving ordering and sorting | p. 72 |
| Sequencing | p. 72 |
| Rank-ordering | p. 73 |
| Classifying | p. 75 |
| Games based on classified sets | p. 77 |
| Visual support: charts, tables, mind-maps, etc. | p. 78 |
| Charts and tables | p. 78 |
| Mind maps | p. 79 |
| Timelines and storylines | p. 80 |
| Integrating reading and writing | p. 82 |
| Review | p. 83 |
| Follow-up activities | p. 84 |
| From topic to task types: matching, comparing, problem-solving, projects, and storytelling | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| Matching | p. 85 |
| Listening and matching | p. 85 |
| Reading and matching | p. 87 |
| Comparing and contrasting: finding similarities or differences | p. 90 |
| Comparison tasks | p. 90 |
| Games: find the similarities or differences | p. 91 |
| Problem-solving tasks and puzzles | p. 93 |
| Preparing learners for problem-solving tasks | p. 93 |
| Problem-solving task sequences and scenarios | p. 94 |
| Problem-solving games and puzzles | p. 98 |
| Projects and creative tasks | p. 99 |
| Sharing personal experiences: storytelling, anecdotes, reminiscences | p. 105 |
| A summary of task types using the 'task generator' | p. 107 |
| Review | p. 111 |
| Language focus and form focus | p. 113 |
| Some basic principles | p. 113 |
| A sample task: 'How strict were your parents?' | p. 114 |
| Priming | p. 115 |
| Language focus | p. 116 |
| Focus on form | p. 117 |
| Identifying items for a focus on form | p. 117 |
| Correction as focus on form | p. 121 |
| Finding texts | p. 122 |
| Some form-focused activities | p. 124 |
| Putting texts together | p. 128 |
| Organizing language-focused and form-focused activities | p. 129 |
| The pedagogic corpus | p. 130 |
| Preparing for examinations | p. 131 |
| Review | p. 132 |
| The task-based classroom and the real world | p. 135 |
| Classroom language and the outside world | p. 135 |
| Real-world tasks | p. 136 |
| English for specific purposes | p. 136 |
| Everyday English | p. 139 |
| Electronic communication: writing and reading | p. 140 |
| Artificial tasks | p. 142 |
| Spontaneous spoken discourse | p. 142 |
| The social dimension | p. 147 |
| Teacher roles | p. 148 |
| Review | p. 151 |
| Follow-up activities | p. 151 |
| Adapting and refining tasks: seven parameters | p. 153 |
| Introduction | p. 153 |
| Outcome, and interim goals: the need for precision | p. 156 |
| Starting points for tasks: input and timing at priming stage | p. 159 |
| Pre-task preparation and planning | p. 160 |
| Control of 'agenda' and task structure | p. 161 |
| Interaction patterns and participant roles | p. 163 |
| Pressure on language production: 'pushing' output to achieve accuracy | p. 165 |
| Post-task activities | p. 168 |
| Follow-up tasks for recycling texts | p. 168 |
| Report stage | p. 169 |
| Task repetition | p. 170 |
| Post-task language work | p. 171 |
| Evaluation and reflection | p. 173 |
| Review | p. 174 |
| Further exploration: investigating your teaching | p. 174 |
| Follow-up activity | p. 174 |
| Designing a task-based syllabus | p. 177 |
| The language-based syllabus | p. 177 |
| A meaning-based approach | p. 179 |
| What do learners want to mean | p. 179 |
| ESP courses | p. 179 |
| English for general purposes | p. 180 |
| English for examination purposes | p. 181 |
| Starting from the course book | p. 182 |
| From 'can do' statements to tasks and texts | p. 183 |
| The concept of 'can do' | p. 183 |
| Grading tasks | p. 185 |
| Language coverage and the pedagogic corpus | p. 187 |
| The pedagogic corpus | p. 187 |
| The role of the course designer and teacher | p. 189 |
| Integrating lexis, tasks, and grammar into in the syllabus | p. 191 |
| Covering important lexis | p. 192 |
| The most common words | p. 192 |
| How to teach lexically | p. 194 |
| The process of syllabus design | p. 196 |
| Follow-up activities | p. 198 |
| How to integrate TBT with coursebooks, and other frequently asked questions | p. 199 |
| Introduction and problems perceived with TBT | p. 199 |
| How can I integrate tasks into my textbooks? | p. 201 |
| Identifying tasks and activities that just need 'tweaking' | p. 201 |
| Re-ordering activities | p. 209 |
| Adding and integrating focused tasks | p. 210 |
| How can we find time to design tasks and plan TBT lessons? | p. 212 |
| How can I make time to do tasks in class? | p. 213 |
| How can you change attitudes of students who aren't used to TBT? | p. 217 |
| How can I motivate my students to do more than just the minimum? | p. 217 |
| How can we prevent overuse of Li and encourage learners with the same Li to use English during pair-work and project work? | p. 220 |
| How do we keep learners' interest during a post-task report stage? | p. 221 |
| How can we give learners a sense of their own progress? | p. 222 |
| How can we control and keep discipline in large or difficult classes? | p. 223 |
| One-to-one classes | p. 224 |
| How can you do tasks with mixed ability learners/on different levels, and ensure all students can do the task? | p. 225 |
| If we take up TBT, what exams are there that are truly task-based? | p. 226 |
| Teacher's tips for implementing TBT | p. 227 |
| Sample task-based lessons | p. 235 |
| Sample projects and scenarios | p. 246 |
| Transcripts of task recordings | p. 251 |
| Designing and using communicative tasks | p. 253 |
| Sample task-based course plan | p. 255 |
| Word frequency lists | p. 259 |
| List of teachers who contributed tasks and advice | p. 263 |
| References | p. 267 |
| Index | p. 273 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780194422109
ISBN-10: 0194422100
Series: Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers
Published: 26th April 2007
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 296
Audience: ELT/ESL
Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PR
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 25.4 x 17.78 x 1.91
Weight (kg): 0.5
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