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| List of Figures | p. xix |
| List of Tables | p. xxviv |
| Contributing Authors | p. xxxi |
| Preface | p. xxxv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Theoretical Background | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Probability and statistics | p. 8 |
| Types of probability | p. 8 |
| Properties of probability | p. 9 |
| Univariate statistics | p. 10 |
| Random variables | p. 10 |
| Cumulative distribution function | p. 11 |
| Probability density function | p. 11 |
| Moments | p. 12 |
| Moment generating function | p. 12 |
| Characteristic function | p. 13 |
| Transformations of random variables | p. 13 |
| Bivariate statistics | p. 13 |
| Bivariate joint cumulative distribution function | p. 13 |
| Bivariate joint probability density function | p. 14 |
| Bivariate conditional probability density function and Bayes theorem | p. 14 |
| Bivariate product moments | p. 14 |
| Bivariate joint moment generating function | p. 15 |
| Bivariate joint characteristic function | p. 15 |
| Correlation coefficient and covariance | p. 15 |
| Statistical independence between two random variables | p. 16 |
| Bivariate transformations | p. 16 |
| Multivariate statistics | p. 17 |
| Multivariate joint cumulative distribution function | p. 17 |
| Multivariate joint probability density function | p. 17 |
| Multivariate conditional probability density function | p. 18 |
| Multivariate product moments | p. 18 |
| Multivariate joint moment generating function | p. 18 |
| Multivariate joint characteristic function | p. 19 |
| Covariance matrix | p. 19 |
| Statistical independence between L random variables | p. 20 |
| Multivariate transformations | p. 20 |
| Gaussian distribution | p. 21 |
| Log-normal distribution | p. 21 |
| Rayleigh distribution | p. 22 |
| Exponential distribution | p. 23 |
| Weibull distribution | p. 24 |
| Nakagami-m distribution | p. 25 |
| Gamma distribution | p. 26 |
| Rice distribution | p. 26 |
| Chi-square distribution | p. 27 |
| Central Chi-square distribution | p. 28 |
| Non central Chi-square distribution | p. 28 |
| Bounds for the Marcum Q function | p. 29 |
| Hoyt distribution | p. 30 |
| Bernoulli distribution | p. 31 |
| Information theory | p. 31 |
| Basic definitions | p. 32 |
| Channel capacity fundamentals | p. 36 |
| Capacity of Fading Channels | p. 39 |
| Multiuser Channels Capacity | p. 44 |
| MIMO systems | p. 49 |
| Detection and estimation theory | p. 52 |
| Detection theory | p. 52 |
| Binary detection | p. 53 |
| Bayes criterion | p. 53 |
| MAP criterion | p. 54 |
| ML criterion | p. 55 |
| Minimax criterion | p. 55 |
| Neyman-Pearson criterion | p. 55 |
| Receiver operating characteristics | p. 56 |
| Sufficient statistic | p. 56 |
| M-ary detection | p. 56 |
| Performance bounds | p. 57 |
| Estimation theory | p. 59 |
| Estimation of random parameters | p. 59 |
| Estimation of deterministic parameters | p. 61 |
| Maximum Likelihood estimation | p. 62 |
| Cramer Rao bound | p. 62 |
| Modified Cramer Rao bound | p. 63 |
| Detection with parameter uncertainty | p. 63 |
| Conclusions | p. 64 |
| Satellite Channel Impairments | p. 65 |
| Introduction | p. 65 |
| Mobile Satellite Propagation Channel | p. 66 |
| Channel Characterization | p. 66 |
| Channel Characteristic functions | p. 66 |
| Channel Parameters and Classification | p. 68 |
| First and Second Order Channel Statistics | p. 70 |
| Channel Models | p. 71 |
| Single-State First-Order Characterization for Frequency Non-Selective Channels | p. 72 |
| Multi-State Markov Chain Models for Frequency Non-Selective Channels | p. 74 |
| Doppler Spectrum Models | p. 76 |
| Modelling of Frequency Selective Channels | p. 78 |
| From Analog to Digital Channel Models | p. 80 |
| Measurements and Models Parameters Estimation | p. 81 |
| Satellite to Indoor | p. 81 |
| Land Mobile and Railway | p. 84 |
| Frequency Selective Model for the LMS Channel at L and S Bands | p. 85 |
| Frequency Non-Selective Model for the LMS Channel at Ku, Ka and EHF Bands | p. 86 |
| The Railroad Satellite Channel | p. 88 |
| Aeronautical and Maritime | p. 89 |
| Aircrafts | p. 89 |
| Stratospheric Platforms | p. 90 |
| Maritime | p. 91 |
| Atmospheric Effects | p. 91 |
| Propagation Effects | p. 91 |
| Attenuation (Oxygen, Water, Cloud, Rain, Melting Layer) | p. 92 |
| Modelling of Rain Attenuation | p. 95 |
| Scintillation | p. 96 |
| Depolarization | p. 96 |
| Influence of Propagation Impairments on Link Budgets | p. 97 |
| Uplink Analysis | p. 97 |
| Downlink Analysis | p. 98 |
| Dynamic Behavior of the Propagation Channel | p. 100 |
| Fade Slope | p. 101 |
| Fade Duration | p. 101 |
| Frequency Scaling | p. 102 |
| Interference Characterization | p. 103 |
| Interference Sources | p. 103 |
| Co-channel Interference in Multi-Beam Multi-Satellite Systems | p. 107 |
| The model | p. 108 |
| CDMA case | p. 111 |
| FDMA case | p. 113 |
| Conclusions | p. 115 |
| Forward Error Correction | p. 117 |
| Introduction to Coding | p. 117 |
| Algebraic coding | p. 118 |
| Basic definitions | p. 119 |
| Block codes | p. 120 |
| Cyclic codes | p. 120 |
| Convolutional codes | p. 121 |
| Hamming geometry and decoding problem | p. 122 |
| Hamming distance | p. 122 |
| Bounds | p. 123 |
| The decoding problem | p. 124 |
| Golay code | p. 125 |
| Binary Hamming and Reed-Muller codes | p. 126 |
| BCH and Reed-Solomon codes | p. 127 |
| Code construction and Berlekamp algorithm | p. 127 |
| List decoding | p. 128 |
| Bivariate polynomials | p. 128 |
| The Guruswami-Sudan decoding algorithm | p. 129 |
| The Koetter-Vardy decoding algorithm | p. 130 |
| Performance evaluation | p. 132 |
| Frequency-domain decoding of BCH and RS codes | p. 132 |
| Trellis and Turbo codes | p. 134 |
| Trellis overview | p. 134 |
| Non-iterative trellis-based decoding | p. 135 |
| Viterbi algorithm (VA) | p. 135 |
| Soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) | p. 137 |
| Maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability decoding | p. 138 |
| Log-MAP and Max-Log-MAP decoding | p. 138 |
| Alternative decoding techniques | p. 139 |
| Sequential decoding | p. 140 |
| Threshold decoding | p. 140 |
| Turbo codes | p. 141 |
| The Turbo Principle | p. 141 |
| The 3GPP example | p. 143 |
| The DVB-RCS example | p. 143 |
| Turbo decoding | p. 145 |
| The Turbo decoding principle | p. 145 |
| Stopping criteria | p. 146 |
| EXIT charts | p. 147 |
| SOVA improvements | p. 148 |
| Hybrid Turbo-Viterbi decoding | p. 149 |
| Turbo code performance | p. 150 |
| Bounds and distance spectra for Turbo codes | p. 150 |
| Implementation complexity | p. 152 |
| Simulation results | p. 153 |
| Graphs and LDPC codes | p. 156 |
| Factor Graphs | p. 157 |
| LDPC codes | p. 158 |
| Basic Properties | p. 158 |
| LDPC matrix construction | p. 159 |
| The DVB-S2 example | p. 162 |
| LDPC decoding | p. 162 |
| LDPC Performance | p. 164 |
| Distance spectrum for LDPC Codes | p. 164 |
| Simulation results | p. 166 |
| LDPC/Turbo codes comparison | p. 166 |
| Forward Error Correction at Higher Layers | p. 169 |
| Packet Layer Coding | p. 171 |
| Transport Layer Coding | p. 171 |
| Erasure Decoding Algorithms | p. 172 |
| Conclusions | p. 174 |
| Modulation Techniques | p. 175 |
| Introduction | p. 175 |
| Modulation schemes | p. 175 |
| Basic principals | p. 176 |
| Modulation Schemes Classification | p. 179 |
| Phase shift keying | p. 181 |
| Binary phase shift keying | p. 181 |
| Quadrature phase shift keying | p. 182 |
| Offset QPSK | p. 183 |
| M-ary PSK | p. 183 |
| Quadrature amplitude modulation | p. 183 |
| Non-rectangular modulations | p. 184 |
| Continuous phase modulation | p. 186 |
| Coded modulation | p. 190 |
| Trellis coded modulation | p. 191 |
| TCM principle | p. 191 |
| TCM example | p. 193 |
| Bit interleaved coded modulation | p. 194 |
| Bit interleaved turbo coded modulation | p. 196 |
| BITCM encoder/mapping | p. 196 |
| BITCM receiver | p. 197 |
| Simulation results | p. 198 |
| Detection with ideal channel state information | p. 199 |
| Detection over the AWGN channel | p. 199 |
| Phase shift keying | p. 200 |
| Coherent binary PSK | p. 200 |
| Coherent quadrature PSK | p. 201 |
| Coherent PSK | p. 201 |
| Coherent differentially encoded PSK | p. 202 |
| Differential PSK | p. 202 |
| Quadrature amplitude modulation | p. 202 |
| AWGN performance bounds | p. 203 |
| APSK analytical performance | p. 207 |
| Detection over fading channels | p. 209 |
| Detection over Rayleigh fading channel | p. 210 |
| Detection over Rice fading channel | p. 211 |
| Detection over Nakagami-m fading channel | p. 211 |
| Detection over Weibull fading channel | p. 212 |
| Performance analysis | p. 214 |
| Analytical evaluation | p. 214 |
| Performance evaluation through bounds | p. 215 |
| M-PSK signaling over Rayleigh-Lognormal channel | p. 215 |
| TCM signaling over Rice-Lognormal channel | p. 217 |
| Conclusions | p. 218 |
| Parameter Estimation and Synchronization | p. 219 |
| Introduction | p. 219 |
| Synchronization Principles | p. 221 |
| Code Unaware Synchronization | p. 224 |
| Frequency Recovery | p. 224 |
| Application to M-QAM Schemes | p. 228 |
| Feedback Recovery | p. 228 |
| Phase Recovery | p. 229 |
| Timing Recovery | p. 232 |
| Automatic Gain Control | p. 234 |
| Code Aware Synchronization | p. 234 |
| Per-Survivor Processing | p. 234 |
| Turbo Embedded Estimation | p. 238 |
| Channel Estimation | p. 242 |
| Pilot Aided Channel Estimation | p. 243 |
| Blind Channel Estimation | p. 244 |
| Signal to Noise Ratio Estimation | p. 245 |
| Code Synchronization for Spread Spectrum Systems | p. 246 |
| Frame Synchronization | p. 252 |
| Receiver Architectures | p. 258 |
| Conclusions | p. 262 |
| Distortion Countermeasures | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Distortion in Satellite Systems | p. 264 |
| System Model | p. 264 |
| Nonlinear effects | p. 266 |
| Nonlinear effects for M-QAM and DxPSK | p. 267 |
| Amplifier Models | p. 268 |
| Memoryless models | p. 270 |
| Models with Memory | p. 272 |
| Transmitter techniques: Predistortion | p. 274 |
| Classes of predistorters | p. 276 |
| Signal Predistortion | p. 276 |
| Data Predistortion | p. 276 |
| Analog Predistortion | p. 277 |
| Digital Predistortion | p. 277 |
| Predistortion Techniques | p. 278 |
| LUT approach | p. 278 |
| Mapping Predistorter | p. 279 |
| Gain Based Predistorter | p. 279 |
| Classical indexing strategies | p. 280 |
| Advanced Indexing Strategy | p. 280 |
| Volterra model-based predistortion | p. 281 |
| Neural networks based predistortion | p. 283 |
| Multi-layer NNs | p. 283 |
| Local Basis Functions Networks | p. 285 |
| The GCMAC network | p. 286 |
| Clustering approach | p. 286 |
| Performance evaluation of predistortion techniques | p. 287 |
| Receiver techniques: Equalization | p. 291 |
| Linear Channel Equalization | p. 291 |
| Nonlinear Channel Equalization | p. 293 |
| Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation | p. 293 |
| Volterra model-based equalization methods | p. 294 |
| Blind equalization | p. 295 |
| Neural network methods | p. 296 |
| Performance evaluation of nonlinear equalization methods | p. 298 |
| Turbo Equalization | p. 300 |
| Turbo equalization using a MAP equalizer | p. 302 |
| Turbo equalization using an MMSE-LE | p. 302 |
| Turbo equalization using an MMSE-DFE | p. 303 |
| Emerging techniques | p. 304 |
| Introduction to Precoding | p. 304 |
| Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding | p. 305 |
| Performance of Joint Precoding and Predistortion | p. 306 |
| Case study | p. 307 |
| Evaluation and discussion | p. 308 |
| Conclusions | p. 310 |
| Diversity Techniques and Fade Mitigation | p. 313 |
| Introduction | p. 313 |
| Diversity domains and mitigation techniques | p. 314 |
| Satellite Diversity | p. 315 |
| Improving service availability in urban and sub-urban areas | p. 315 |
| Exploiting satellite diversity using CDMA | p. 316 |
| Correlation aspects of satellite diversity links | p. 320 |
| MIMO and Space-Time Coding | p. 321 |
| Space-time coding schemes | p. 323 |
| Adaptive Modulation over MIMO links | p. 330 |
| Applications of STC in satellite communications | p. 332 |
| Site Diversity | p. 333 |
| Statistical models for site diversity | p. 335 |
| Frequency Diversity | p. 336 |
| Outage probability for frequency diversity systems | p. 336 |
| Power Control in CDMA-based systems | p. 338 |
| Polarization Diversity | p. 341 |
| Characterization of polarization states | p. 342 |
| Polarization mismatch loss | p. 342 |
| Probability distribution of the polarization loss | p. 343 |
| Error probability: polarization diversity gain | p. 344 |
| Polarization diversity: Numerical results | p. 345 |
| Adaptive Coding and Modulation | p. 345 |
| An ACM scheme for the narrow band LMS system | p. 349 |
| Blockage/Multipath mitigation | p. 351 |
| Joint fading mitigation techniques | p. 351 |
| Power Control for fade mitigation | p. 352 |
| Layer 2 | p. 353 |
| Joint FMTs | p. 353 |
| IMR multi-path diversity | p. 353 |
| Combining Techniques | p. 355 |
| Moments of the Output SNR for the EGC receiver | p. 356 |
| Average Output SNR and Amount of Fading (AoF) for the EGC receiver | p. 358 |
| Average Symbol Error Probability | p. 359 |
| Outage Probability | p. 360 |
| Atmospheric effects mitigation: Implementation issues | p. 361 |
| Distributed Detection and Decision schemes | p. 362 |
| Centralized Detection and Decision schemes | p. 363 |
| Conclusions | p. 365 |
| Multiuser Satellite Communications | p. 367 |
| Introduction | p. 367 |
| Connection-Oriented Multiple Access | p. 368 |
| Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) | p. 369 |
| Bandwidth and Power Efficiency of FDMA | p. 370 |
| Pros and Cons of FDMA | p. 370 |
| Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) | p. 371 |
| Efficiency of TDMA | p. 371 |
| Pros and Cons of TDMA | p. 373 |
| Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) | p. 373 |
| Direct Sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) | p. 373 |
| Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) | p. 374 |
| Pros and Cons of CDMA | p. 375 |
| CDMA Sectoring | p. 375 |
| Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) | p. 381 |
| Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) | p. 382 |
| Hybrid Schemes and Advanced Topics | p. 384 |
| Multi Frequency TDMA (MF-TDMA) | p. 384 |
| Ultra Wide Band (UWB) | p. 386 |
| Contention-Oriented Multiple Access | p. 390 |
| Random Access | p. 390 |
| Narrowband ALOHA | p. 390 |
| Spread ALOHA | p. 393 |
| Contention-Based Reservation | p. 396 |
| Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) | p. 396 |
| Packet Reservation Media Access (PRMA) | p. 396 |
| Combined Free-Demand Assignment Multiple Access (CF-DAMA) | p. 397 |
| Multiuser Capacity | p. 397 |
| Downlink | p. 398 |
| Gaussian Channel Capacity | p. 398 |
| Fading Channel Capacity | p. 400 |
| Uplink | p. 401 |
| Gaussian Channel Capacity | p. 401 |
| Fading Channel Capacity | p. 401 |
| Capacity Enhancement Techniques | p. 402 |
| Multi-User Detection (MUD) | p. 402 |
| Single Stage Interference Cancellation (IC) | p. 403 |
| Multistage IC | p. 403 |
| Iterative IC | p. 404 |
| Interference Cancellation in Code-Sectored CDMA | p. 404 |
| Enhanced Single User Detection for DS/CDMA Downlink | p. 406 |
| Downlink Synchronous CDMA Signal Model | p. 408 |
| Linear Receivers for Synchronous CDMA | p. 409 |
| Numerical Performance Comparison | p. 410 |
| Turbo MUD | p. 411 |
| Conclusions | p. 415 |
| Software Radio | p. 417 |
| Introduction | p. 417 |
| Antenna, Analog Processing and A/D Conversion | p. 418 |
| Phased Array Antenna Systems | p. 420 |
| Basic Theory | p. 423 |
| Sampling Principles | p. 424 |
| Sub-Nyquist Sampling | p. 425 |
| Mixing Stage | p. 426 |
| Sequential I/Q Separation | p. 427 |
| Super-Nyquist Sampling | p. 428 |
| High-speed ADC Technologies | p. 429 |
| Optimized Computational Structures | p. 430 |
| Implementation for FPGA | p. 431 |
| Matched Filtering and Baseband Processing | p. 431 |
| Implementation for DSP | p. 434 |
| Distribution of Computational Tasks to DSP and FPGA | p. 435 |
| Software Radio Onboard | p. 437 |
| Payload Reconfigurability | p. 437 |
| Space-Qualified Signal Processing | p. 441 |
| Multistandard Multiservice Reconfigurable Terminals | p. 442 |
| Service and Technologies in Next Generation Terminals | p. 442 |
| Software-Radio Architectures for MF-TDMA Modems | p. 443 |
| Remote Configuration of Physical Layer | p. 445 |
| Conclusions | p. 447 |
| Systems and Services | p. 449 |
| Introduction | p. 449 |
| Satellite telecommunication systems | p. 451 |
| Mission | p. 451 |
| Opportunity | p. 451 |
| Context | p. 452 |
| Market | p. 454 |
| System Architecture | p. 455 |
| Generalities | p. 455 |
| Space segment | p. 457 |
| Control and ground segments | p. 457 |
| Satellite System Design | p. 457 |
| Orbit | p. 458 |
| Coverage | p. 459 |
| Air interface | p. 460 |
| Fixed and mobile satellite services | p. 460 |
| Higher layers | p. 461 |
| Convergence of different access systems on IP core network | p. 463 |
| Layered system structure | p. 463 |
| Fixed networks | p. 465 |
| Overview | p. 465 |
| Broadcasting systems | p. 466 |
| Interactive systems | p. 467 |
| Mobile networks | p. 468 |
| Overview | p. 468 |
| Point-to-point systems | p. 469 |
| Broadcasting and integrated mobile satellite systems | p. 470 |
| Complementary solutions | p. 472 |
| GEO and non-GEO hybrid constellation | p. 473 |
| High Altitude Platforms | p. 475 |
| Terrestrial extension of satellite/HAP links for indoor penetration | p. 478 |
| Conclusion | p. 481 |
| References | p. 483 |
| Index | p. 531 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780387256344
ISBN-10: 0387256342
Series: Information Technology: Transmission, Processing And Storage
Published: 18th June 2007
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 588
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.93
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