Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why this Book? 1
1.2 How to Use this Book 2
1.3 Scope 2
1.4 Roadmap 4
1.5 Other Notes 5
Acknowledgments 7
References 8
Chapter 2 Shannon Theorem and Information Theory 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Reliable Transmission with Noisy Channel 10
2.3 Entropy and Uncertainty 10
2.4 Entropy and Bit Length 14
2.5 Information Measured as Reduction of Uncertainty 18
2.6 Shannon Theorem 21
2.7 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel 25
2.8 Frequency-Selective Channel and Water Filling 32
2.9 Summary 34
2.10 Appendix: Derivation of Entropy as a Measure of Uncertainty 34
2.11 Appendix: Compression Coding 38
References 43
Homework 43
Chapter 3 Single Carrier Modulation and Nyquist Sampling Theory 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Symbol Mapping 47
3.3 Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theory 58
3.4 Pulse Shaping and Nyquist Criterion 69
3.5 Implementation of Pulse Shaping Filter: Up-Sampling 74
3.6 Baseband and Passband 76
3.7 Summary 85
3.8 Appendix: Fourier Transform 87
3.9 Appendix: Function Localization in Frequency and Time Domains 91
3.10 Appendix: Proof of the Nyquist Criterion 96
References 98
Homework 99
Chapter 4 Statistical Detection and Error Probability 101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Wide-Sense Stationary (WSS) Process 102
4.3 AWGN Channel 108
4.4 Detection Problem and Maximum Likelihood Detection 115
4.5 Map and ML Detection with AWGN Channel 119
4.6 Matched Filter (MF) 122
4.7 Error Probability of Uncoded Modulations Under AWGN Model 137
4.8 Summary 146
4.9 Appendix: PSD of Modulated Signals 148
4.10 Appendix: Baseband Noise 151
4.11 Appendix: Representing Signals and Noises with Vectors 154
References 159
Homework 160
Chapter 5 Channel Coding 163
5.1 Introduction 163
5.2 Channel Coding or Forward Error Correction (FEC) 164
5.3 Block Code 169
5.4 Convolutional Code 182
5.5 Coding for Bandwidth-Limited Channels and Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) 203
5.6 Combined Codes 211
5.7 Turbo Code 213
5.8 Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) Code 225
5.9 Summary 231
5.10 Appendix: Upper Bound of Shaping Gain 233
5.11 Appendix: Probability Update at Parity Node 234
References 235
Homework 238
Chapter 6 Channel Characteristics 241
6.1 Introduction 241
6.2 Channel Gain and Channel Classification 243
6.3 Constant Flat Channels 246
6.4 Flat Fading Channel 252
6.5 Time Dispersion and Frequency-Selective Fading 262
6.6 Channel Formulation in Frequency and Time Domains 265
6.7 Channel Modeling Methods 270
6.8 Link Budget Computation 273
6.9 Summary 282
6.10 Appendix: Channel Gain in Passband and Baseband 284
References 286
Homework 288
Chapter 7 Synchronization 291
7.1 Introduction 291
7.2 Synchronization Overview 293
7.3 Timing Control and Correction 299
7.4 Timing Error Estimate 311
7.5 Initial Acquisition 325
7.6 Summary 328
References 329
Homework 330
Chapter 8 Adaptive Filter 333
8.1 Introduction 333
8.2 Adaptive Filter Overview 335
8.3 Optimal Solution 337
8.4 Iterative Solution: Speediest Descent (SD) 339
8.5 Sample-by-Sample Adaptation: Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm 343
8.6 Block-Based Adaptation: Least Squares (LS) Algorithm 347
8.7 Block-Based Iteration: Recursive Least Squares (RLS) Algorithm 350
8.8 Case Study: Full-Duplex Radio and Self-Interference Cancellation 355
8.9 Summary 359
References 360
Homework 360
Chapter 9 Channel Equalization 363
9.1 Introduction 363
9.2 Channel Dispersion Formulation 365
9.3 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) 370
9.4 Linear Equalizer (LE) 371
9.5 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) 387
9.6 Tomlinson–Harashima Precoding (THP) 411
9.7 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 419
9.8 Summary 420
9.9 Appendix: Z-Transform and Related Results 422
9.10 Appendix: Optimization of Functions with Complex Variables 431
9.11 Appendix: Optimal Solution of Zero Forcing Linear Equalizer 434
9.12 Appendix: Gain of an MMSE Equalizer 439
9.13 Appendix: Detailed Derivation of Finite-Length DFE 440
References 449
Homework 451
Chapter 10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 453
10.1 Introduction 453
10.2 OFDM Formulation 455
10.3 Time Domain Equalization 475
10.4 OFDM Advantages and Enhancements 477
10.5 Receiver Training and Adaptation 480
10.6 Implementation Issues 491
10.7 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 495
10.8 Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) Modulation 497
10.9 Summary 499
References 500
Homework 504
Chapter 11 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Technology 505
11.1 Introduction 505
11.2 MIMO Overview 506
11.3 A Simple Case of Mimo: Multibeam Transmission 507
11.4 Spatial Multiplexing: Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) 518
11.5 Spatial Diversity: Space-Time Coding 525
11.6 Theoretical Treatments of MIMO Techniques 530
11.7 Other Forms of MIMO 543
11.8 Areas of Further Exploration 545
11.9 MIMO Applications 549
11.10 Summary 555
11.11 Appendix: Successive Cancellation (SC) Formulation 556
11.12 Appendix: Derivation of MIMO Channel Capacity for Fixed Channel 564
References 567
Homework 571
Chapter 12 5G Cellular System Radio Interface Technology 573
12.1 Introduction 573
12.2 Cellular Systems 573
12.3 The 5G System 578
12.4 Highlights of 3GPP Proposal 579
12.5 5G Physical Layer Technologies 583
12.6 Summary 606
References 607
Homework 614
Chapter 13 Closing Remarks and Further Exploration 615
13.1 Introduction 615
13.2 Analog Circuitry 615
13.3 Software-Defined Radio (SDR) 616
13.4 Cognitive Radio (CR) and Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) 617
13.5 Ultrawide Band (UWB) 620
13.6 Relaying and Cooperative Communications 620
13.7 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 621
13.8 Interference Management 622
13.9 Other Modulation Schemes 623
13.10 Optical Communications 623
13.11 Green Communications 624
13.12 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) 625
13.13 Application of Game Theory 625
13.14 Security 625
13.15 Network Coding 626
13.16 Summary 628
References 628
Index 637
