| Preface | p. VII |
| Table of Contents | p. XIII |
| The Motivation for Differential Evolution | p. 1 |
| Introduction to Parameter Optimization | p. 1 |
| Overview | p. 1 |
| Single-Point, Derivative-Based Optimization | p. 6 |
| One-Point, Derivative-Free Optimization and the Step Size Problem | p. 11 |
| Local Versus Global Optimization | p. 16 |
| Simulated Annealing | p. 18 |
| Multi-Point, Derivative-Based Methods | p. 19 |
| Multi-Point, Derivative-Free Methods | p. 20 |
| Differential Evolution - A First Impression | p. 30 |
| References | p. 34 |
| The Differential Evolution Algorithm | p. 37 |
| Overview | p. 37 |
| Population Structure | p. 37 |
| Initialization | p. 38 |
| Mutation | p. 38 |
| Crossover | p. 39 |
| Selection | p. 40 |
| DE at a Glance | p. 41 |
| Visualizing DE | p. 43 |
| Notation | p. 47 |
| Parameter Representation | p. 48 |
| Bit Strings | p. 48 |
| Floating-Point | p. 50 |
| Floating-Point Constraints | p. 52 |
| Initialization | p. 53 |
| Initial Bounds | p. 53 |
| Initial Distributions | p. 56 |
| Base Vector Selection | p. 61 |
| Choosing the Base Vector Index, r0 | p. 61 |
| One-to-One Base Vector Selection | p. 63 |
| A Comparison of Random Base Index Selection Methods | p. 64 |
| Degenerate Vector Combinations | p. 65 |
| Implementing Mutually Exclusive Indices | p. 68 |
| Gauging the Effects of Degenerate Combinations: The Sphere | p. 70 |
| Biased Base Vector Selection Schemes | p. 72 |
| Differential Mutation | p. 74 |
| The Mutation Scale Factor: F | p. 75 |
| Randomizing the Scale Factor | p. 79 |
| Recombination | p. 91 |
| Crossover | p. 92 |
| The Role of Cr in Optimization | p. 97 |
| Arithmetic Recombination | p. 104 |
| Phase Portraits | p. 112 |
| The Either/Or Algorithm | p. 117 |
| Selection | p. 118 |
| Survival Criteria | p. 119 |
| Tournament Selection | p. 121 |
| One-to-One Survivor Selection | p. 122 |
| Local Versus Global Selection | p. 124 |
| Permutation Selection Invariance | p. 124 |
| Crossover-Dependent Selection Pressure | p. 125 |
| Parallel Performance | p. 127 |
| Extensions | p. 128 |
| Termination Criteria | p. 128 |
| Objective Met | p. 129 |
| Limit the Number of Generations | p. 129 |
| Population Statistics | p. 129 |
| Limited Time | p. 130 |
| Human Monitoring | p. 130 |
| Application Specific | p. 130 |
| References | p. 131 |
| Benchmarking Differential Evolution | p. 135 |
| About Testing | p. 135 |
| Performance Measures | p. 137 |
| DE Versus DE | p. 139 |
| The Algorithms | p. 139 |
| The Test Bed | p. 142 |
| Phase Portraits | p. 142 |
| Summary | p. 154 |
| DE Versus Other Optimizers | p. 156 |
| Comparative Performance: Thirty-Dimensional Functions | p. 157 |
| Comparative Studies: Unconstrained Optimization | p. 167 |
| Performance Comparisons from Other Problem Domains | p. 171 |
| Application-Based Performance Comparisons | p. 175 |
| Summary | p. 182 |
| References | p. 182 |
| Problem Domains | p. 189 |
| Overview | p. 189 |
| Function and Parameter Quantization | p. 189 |
| Uniform Quantization | p. 190 |
| Non-Uniform Quantization | p. 191 |
| Objective Function Quantization | p. 192 |
| Parameter Quantization | p. 195 |
| Mixed Variables | p. 201 |
| Optimization with Constraints | p. 201 |
| Boundary Constraints | p. 202 |
| Inequality Constraints | p. 206 |
| Equality Constraints | p. 220 |
| Combinatorial Problems | p. 227 |
| The Traveling Salesman Problem | p. 229 |
| The Permutation Matrix Approach | p. 230 |
| Relative Position Indexing | p. 231 |
| Onwubolu's Approach | p. 233 |
| Adjacency Matrix Approach | p. 233 |
| Summary | p. 237 |
| Design Centering | p. 239 |
| Divergence, Self-Steering and Pooling | p. 239 |
| Computing a Design Center | p. 242 |
| Multi-Objective Optimization | p. 244 |
| Weighted Sum of Objective Functions | p. 244 |
| Pareto Optimality | p. 246 |
| The Pareto-Front: Two Examples | p. 247 |
| Adapting DE for Multi-Objective Optimization | p. 250 |
| Dynamic Objective Functions | p. 255 |
| Stationary Optima | p. 256 |
| Non-Stationary Optima | p. 259 |
| References | p. 262 |
| Architectural Aspects and Computing Environments | p. 267 |
| DE on Parallel Processors | p. 267 |
| Background | p. 267 |
| Related Work | p. 267 |
| Drawbacks of the Standard Model | p. 271 |
| Modifying the Standard Model | p. 272 |
| The Master Process | p. 273 |
| DE on Limited Resource Devices | p. 276 |
| Random Numbers | p. 276 |
| Permutation Generators | p. 279 |
| Efficient Sorting | p. 282 |
| Memory-Saving DE Variants | p. 282 |
| References | p. 284 |
| Computer Code | p. 287 |
| DeMat - Differential Evolution for MATLAB | p. 287 |
| General Structure of DeMat | p. 287 |
| Naming and Coding Conventions | p. 288 |
| Data Flow Diagram | p. 291 |
| How to Use the Graphics | p. 293 |
| DeWin - DE for MS Windows: An Application in C | p. 295 |
| General Structure of DeWin | p. 296 |
| Naming and Coding Conventions | p. 300 |
| Data Flow Diagram | p. 300 |
| How To Use the Graphics | p. 304 |
| Functions of graphics.h | p. 305 |
| Software on the Accompanying CD | p. 307 |
| References | p. 309 |
| Applications | p. 311 |
| Genetic Algorithms and Related Techniques for Optimizing Si-H Clusters: A Merit Analysis for Differential Evolution | p. 313 |
| Introduction | p. 313 |
| The System Model | p. 315 |
| Computational Details | p. 317 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 318 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 325 |
| References | p. 325 |
| Non-Imaging Optical Design Using Differential Evolution | p. 327 |
| Introduction | p. 327 |
| Objective Function | p. 328 |
| A Reverse Engineering Approach to Testing | p. 331 |
| A More Difficult Problem: An Extended Source | p. 334 |
| Conclusion | p. 337 |
| References | p. 337 |
| Optimization of an Industrial Compressor Supply System | p. 339 |
| Introduction | p. 339 |
| Background Information on the Test Problem | p. 340 |
| System Optimization | p. 340 |
| Demand Profiles | p. 341 |
| Modified Differential Evolution; Extending the Generality of DE | p. 342 |
| Component Selection from the Database | p. 343 |
| Crossover Approaches | p. 343 |
| Testing Procedures | p. 348 |
| Obtaining 100% Certainty of the Results | p. 348 |
| Results | p. 349 |
| Summary | p. 350 |
| References | p. 351 |
| Minimal Representation Multi-Sensor Fusion Using Differential Evolution | p. 353 |
| Introduction | p. 353 |
| Minimal Representation Multi-Sensor Fusion | p. 357 |
| Differential Evolution for Multi-Sensor Fusion | p. 361 |
| Experimental Results | p. 364 |
| Comparison with a Binary Genetic Algorithm | p. 372 |
| Conclusion | p. 374 |
| References | p. 375 |
| Determination of the Earthquake Hypocenter: A Challenge for the Differential Evolution Algorithm | p. 379 |
| Introduction | p. 379 |
| Brief Outline of Direct Problem Solution | p. 382 |
| Synthetic Location Test | p. 384 |
| Convergence Properties | p. 385 |
| Conclusions | p. 389 |
| References | p. 389 |
| Parallel Differential Evolution: Application to 3-D Medical Image Registration | p. 393 |
| Introduction | p. 393 |
| Medical Image Registration Using Similarity Measures | p. 395 |
| Optimization by Differential Evolution | p. 398 |
| Parallelization of Differential Evolution | p. 401 |
| Experimental Results | p. 404 |
| Conclusions | p. 408 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 408 |
| References | p. 408 |
| Design of Efficient Erasure Codes with Differential Evolution | p. 413 |
| Introduction | p. 413 |
| Codes from Bipartite Graphs | p. 414 |
| Code Design | p. 418 |
| Differential Evolution | p. 421 |
| Results | p. 423 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 426 |
| References | p. 426 |
| FIWIZ - A Versatile Program for the Design of Digital Filters Using Differential Evolution | p. 429 |
| Introduction | p. 429 |
| Unconventional Design Tasks | p. 432 |
| Approach | p. 435 |
| Examples | p. 444 |
| Conclusion | p. 445 |
| References | p. 445 |
| Optimization of Radial Active Magnetic Bearings by Using Differential Evolution and the Finite Element Method | p. 447 |
| Introduction | p. 447 |
| Radial Active Magnetic Bearings | p. 448 |
| Magnetic Field Distribution and Force Computed by the Two-Dimensional FEM | p. 454 |
| RAMB Design Optimized by DE and the FEM | p. 455 |
| Conclusion | p. 461 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 461 |
| References | p. 462 |
| Application of Differential Evolution to the Analysis of X-Ray Reflectivity Data | p. 463 |
| Introduction | p. 463 |
| The Data-Fitting Procedure | p. 466 |
| The Model and Simulation | p. 469 |
| Examples | p. 471 |
| Conclusions | p. 477 |
| References | p. 477 |
| Inverse Fractal Problem | p. 479 |
| General Introduction | p. 479 |
| Conclusion | p. 495 |
| References | p. 497 |
| Active Compensation in RF-Driven Plasmas by Means of Differential Evolution | p. 499 |
| Introduction | p. 499 |
| RF-Driven Plasmas | p. 500 |
| Langmuir Probes | p. 501 |
| Active Compensation in RF-Driven Plasmas | p. 501 |
| Automated Control System Structure and Fitness Function | p. 502 |
| Experimental Setup | p. 504 |
| Parameters and Experimental Design | p. 505 |
| Results | p. 509 |
| Conclusion | p. 509 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 510 |
| References | p. 510 |
| Appendix | p. 513 |
| Unconstrained Uni-Modal Test Functions | p. 514 |
| Sphere | p. 514 |
| Hyper-Ellipsoid | p. 515 |
| Generalized Rosenbrock | p. 515 |
| Schwefel's Ridge | p. 516 |
| Neumaier #3 | p. 517 |
| Unconstrained Multi-Modal Test Functions | p. 518 |
| Ackley | p. 518 |
| Griewangk | p. 519 |
| Rastrigin | p. 520 |
| Salomon | p. 521 |
| Whitley | p. 522 |
| Storn's Chebyshev | p. 523 |
| Lennard-Jones | p. 525 |
| Hilbert | p. 526 |
| Modified Langerman | p. 526 |
| Shekel's Foxholes | p. 528 |
| Odd Square | p. 529 |
| Katsuura | p. 530 |
| Bound-Constrained Test Functions | p. 531 |
| Schwefel | p. 531 |
| Epistatic Michalewicz | p. 531 |
| Rana | p. 532 |
| References | p. 533 |
| Index | p. 535 |
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