| List of Figures and Tables | p. xiii |
| List of Abbreviations | p. xv |
| Preface and Acknowledgements | p. xvi |
| Relevance and Refinements of Case Studies | p. 1 |
| Case studies as cornerstones for theories and research programs | p. 2 |
| The case for case study research | p. 5 |
| The growing relevance of timing, cognition, and interdependence | p. 5 |
| Perforated boundaries in social reality and the social sciences | p. 6 |
| Building bridges between paradigmatic camps | p. 7 |
| The case for a non-fundamentalist and pluralist epistemology | p. 9 |
| Empiricism/Positivism and Critical Rationalism | p. 9 |
| Constructivism/Conventionalism and Critical Theory | p. 10 |
| Pragmatism/Naturalism and Critical Realism | p. 12 |
| The epistemological 'middle ground': Anti-fundamentalist and pluralistic | p. 13 |
| Case study methodology: A brief history and recent contributions | p. 15 |
| Case studies: Toward a generic and multidimensional definition | p. 18 |
| Observations: Toward an adequate understanding of case studies | p. 20 |
| Three approaches to case study research: An overview | p. 23 |
| Research goals and questions | p. 23 |
| Case and theory selection | p. 24 |
| Data generation and data analysis | p. 26 |
| Generalization | p. 31 |
| Co-Variational Analysis | p. 33 |
| Research goals and research questions | p. 35 |
| Ontological and epistemological foundations and affinities | p. 36 |
| Experimental template and counterfactual concept of causation | p. 37 |
| Experimental control versus control in observational studies | p. 38 |
| Probabilistic versus deterministic causality | p. 38 |
| Autonomous versus configurational causality | p. 41 |
| Selecting cases | p. 41 |
| Criteria for case selection | p. 42 |
| Modes of comparison | p. 44 |
| Cross-sectional comparison | p. 45 |
| Intertemporal comparison | p. 46 |
| Cross-sectional-intertemporal comparison | p. 47 |
| Counterfactual comparison | p. 48 |
| Excursus: The method of agreement and the most different systems design | p. 49 |
| The functions of prior knowledge and theory | p. 50 |
| Specifying the main independent and dependent variable | p. 51 |
| Substantiating the research hypothesis | p. 52 |
| Identifying control variables | p. 54 |
| Drawing causal inferences for the cases under investigation | p. 54 |
| Data set results and conclusions | p. 55 |
| Examples | p. 58 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 61 |
| Measurement and data collection | p. 63 |
| Conceptualization and measurement in large-N versus small-N research | p. 63 |
| Determination of classifications and cut-off points | p. 65 |
| Replicability and measurement error | p. 67 |
| Data triangulation | p. 68 |
| Direction of generalization | p. 68 |
| Presenting findings and conclusions | p. 70 |
| Example of best practice: Zangl's Judicalization Matters! | p. 71 |
| Summary and conclusions | p. 75 |
| Appendix: How to make counterfactual analysis more compelling | p. 76 |
| Causal-Process Tracing | p. 79 |
| Research goals and research questions | p. 84 |
| Starting points and research goals | p. 84 |
| Research goals and functions of causal-process tracing | p. 87 |
| Research questions | p. 88 |
| Ontological and epistemological foundations | p. 90 |
| Contingency | p. 91 |
| Causal conditions and configurations | p. 92 |
| Additive and interactive configurations | p. 93 |
| Causal conjunctions and causal chains | p. 94 |
| Social and causal mechanisms | p. 95 |
| Summary | p. 97 |
| Appendix: Contexts | p. 98 |
| Selecting cases | p. 99 |
| Misleading advice and trade-offs | p. 99 |
| General criteria for selecting cases | p. 102 |
| Specific criteria for selecting cases according to different research goals | p. 102 |
| Collecting empirical information | p. 105 |
| Drawing causal inferences for the case(s) under investigation | p. 106 |
| The added value of causal-process observations | p. 107 |
| Major features of causal-process tracing | p. 109 |
| Empirical fundaments of CPT: Storylines, smoking guns, and confessions | p. 110 |
| Logical foundations of CPT I: Causal chains | p. 119 |
| Logical foundations of CPT II: Process dynamics | p. 121 |
| Examples | p. 123 |
| Brady's Data-Set Observations versus Causal-Process Observations | p. 124 |
| Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions | p. 127 |
| Tannenwald's The Nuclear Taboo | p. 130 |
| Direction of generalization | p. 134 |
| Implicit and explicit generalizations | p. 135 |
| 'Possibilistic' generalization | p. 135 |
| Drawing conclusions to the sets of causal conditions and configurations | p. 137 |
| Drawing conclusions to the sets of social and causal mechanisms | p. 139 |
| Presenting findings and conclusions | p. 141 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| Congruence Analysis | p. 144 |
| Research goals and research questions | p. 148 |
| Research goals | p. 149 |
| Research questions | p. 150 |
| Ontological and epistemological foundations and affinities | p. 152 |
| Illustrating the epistemological foundation of the CON approach | p. 152 |
| Relationships between theories | p. 154 |
| Implications for the congruence analysis approach | p. 160 |
| Selecting theories and cases | p. 167 |
| Selection and specification of theories | p. 169 |
| Selection and specification of cases | p. 175 |
| Crucial cases | p. 176 |
| Formulating expectations and collecting data | p. 178 |
| The specification of propositions | p. 179 |
| Concrete expectations: Predictions | p. 185 |
| The collection of information and production of data | p. 187 |
| Data analysis - The congruence analysis proper | p. 188 |
| The steps of the congruence analysis proper | p. 189 |
| The full set of possible conclusions | p. 189 |
| Examples: Applications of the congruence analysis proper | p. 191 |
| Direction of generalization | p. 197 |
| Theoretical generalization within a competing theories approach | p. 198 |
| Theoretical generalization within a complementary theories approach | p. 200 |
| Presenting findings and conclusions | p. 202 |
| Summary | p. 203 |
| Combining Diverse Research Approaches | p. 205 |
| Combining approaches and designs: Purposes and possibilities | p. 207 |
| Strengthening concept validity of descriptive inference | p. 208 |
| Strengthening or testing the internal validity of causal inference | p. 210 |
| Complementing the range of variables, conditions, mechanisms, and theories | p. 211 |
| Increasing the external validity of causal inferences | p. 211 |
| Combining co-variational analysis and causal-process tracing | p. 212 |
| X-centered combination of COV and CPT | p. 212 |
| Y-centered combination of cross-case comparisons and CPT | p. 216 |
| Combining congruence analysis and causal-process tracing | p. 218 |
| Causal-process tracing as part of a congruence analysis | p. 218 |
| Causal-process tracing as an inductive addition to the deductive congruence analysis | p. 219 |
| Connecting case studies to large-N studies | p. 224 |
| Case studies augmenting large-N studies | p. 224 |
| Case studies preceding large-N studies | p. 229 |
| Connecting case studies to medium-N studies | p. 231 |
| Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a follow-up to case studies | p. 232 |
| Case studies as a follow-up to a Qualitative Comparative Analysis | p. 234 |
| Preconditions for combining different explanatory approaches | p. 236 |
| Final remarks | p. 237 |
| Notes | p. 239 |
| Bibliography | p. 245 |
| Index | p. 256 |
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