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Dependency Structures and Lexicalized Grammars

An Algebraic Approach

By: Marco Kuhlmann (Editor)

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Paperback | 30 July 2010

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Since 2002, FoLLI has awarded an annual prize for outstanding dissertations in the fields of Logic, Language and Information. This book is based on the PhD thesis of Marco Kuhlmann, joint winner of the E.W. Beth dissertation award in 2008. Kuhlmann's thesis lays new theoretical foundations for the study of non-projective dependency grammars. These grammars are becoming increasingly important for approaches to statistical parsing in computational linguistics that deal with free word order and long-distance dependencies. The author provides new formal tools to define and understand dependency grammars, presents two new dependency language hierarchies with polynomial parsing algorithms, establishes the practical significance of these hierarchies through corpus studies, and links his work to the phrase-structure grammar tradition through an equivalence result with tree-adjoining grammars. The work bridges the gaps between linguistics and theoretical computer science, between theoretical and empirical approaches in computational linguistics, and between previously disconnected strands of formal language research.

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Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Linguistics Computing & I.T.Computer Science Computer Architecture & Logic Design Mathematics Mathematical Foundation Mathematical Logic Artificial Intelligence Natural Language & Machine Translation

Introduction	p. 1
Motivation	p. 1
Dependency Structures	p. 1
Generative Capacity and Non-projectivity	p. 3
Lexicalized Grammars Induce Dependency Trees	p. 4
Overview of the Book	p. 7
Dependency Structures	p. 7
Dependency Languages	p. 9
Contributions	p. 10
Preliminaries	p. 11
Projective Dependency Structures	p. 17
Projectivity	p. 17
Projectivity in the Sense of Harper and Hays	p. 18
Projectivity in the Sense of Lecerf and Ihm	p. 19
Projectivity in the Sense of Fitialov	p. 19
Related Work	p. 20
Algebraic Framework	p. 20
Tree Traversal Strategies	p. 21
Traversal of Treelet-Ordered Trees	p. 23
Order Annotations	p. 26
Dependency Algebras	p. 26
Algorithmic Problems	p. 28
Encoding and Decoding	p. 28
Testing whether a Dependency Structure Is Projective	p. 29
Related Work	p. 29
Empirical Evaluation	p. 30
The Projectivity Hypothesis	p. 30
Experimental Setup	p. 31
Results and Discussion	p. 31
Related Work	p. 32
Dependency Structures of Bounded Degree	p. 33
The Block-Degree Measure	p. 33
Blocks and Block-Degree	p. 33
A Hierarchy of Non-projective Dependency Structures	p. 35
Related Work	p. 36
Algebraic Framework	p. 37
Traversal of Block-Ordered Trees	p. 38
Segmented Dependency Structures	p. 40
Order Annotations	p. 42
Dependency Structure Algebras	p. 43
Algorithmic Problems	p. 44
Encoding	p. 44
Computing the Block-Degree of a Dependency Structure	p. 48
Empirical Evaluation	p. 48
Dependency Structures without Crossings	p. 51
Weakly Non-projective Dependency Structures	p. 51
Definition of Weak Non-projectivity	p. 52
Relation to the Block-Degree Measure	p. 53
Algebraic Opaqueness	p. 54
Related Work	p. 54
Well-Nested Dependency Structures	p. 56
Definition of Well-Nestedness	p. 56
Non-crossing Partitions	p. 57
Algebraic Characterization	p. 59
Testing whether a Dependency Structure Is Well-Nested	p. 60
Related Work	p. 60
Empirical Evaluation	p. 61
Structures and Grammars	p. 63
Context-Free Grammars	p. 63
Definition	p. 64
String Semantics	p. 65
Linearization Semantics	p. 66
Dependency Semantics	p. 67
Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems	p. 68
Definition	p. 69
String Semantics	p. 70
Non-essential Concatenation Functions	p. 71
Linearization Semantics	p. 73
Dependency Semantics	p. 74
Related Work	p. 75
Coupled Context-Free Grammars	p. 75
Definition	p. 75
String Semantics	p. 77
Dependency Semantics	p. 78
Related Work	p. 79
Tree Adjoining Grammar	p. 79
Definition	p. 80
Linearization Semantics	p. 81
Related Work	p. 82
Regular Dependency Languages	p. 85
Regular Sets of Dependency Structures	p. 85
Algebraic Recognizability	p. 86
Elementary Properties	p. 87
Regular Term Grammars	p. 89
Regular Dependency Grammars	p. 90
Dependency Languages and Lexicalized Grammars	p. 92
Pumping Lemmata	p. 93
The Pumping Lemma for Regular Term Languages	p. 93
Ogden's Lemma for Regular Term Languages	p. 95
Constant Growth	p. 97
Constant Growth and Semilinearity	p. 98
Regular Term Languages are Semilinear	p. 100
Related Work	p. 102
Generative Capacity and Parsing Complexity	p. 103
Projection of String Languages	p. 103
Labelled Dependency Structures	p. 103
String-Generating Regular Dependency Grammars	p. 105
String-Generative Capacity	p. 105
String Languages and Structural Properties	p. 107
Masked Strings	p. 107
Enforcing a Given Block-Degree	p. 108
Enforcing Ill-Nestedness	p. 110
Hierarchies of String Languages	p. 112
Related Work	p. 113
Parsing Complexity	p. 113
Membership Problems	p. 113
The Standard Membership Problem	p. 115
The Uniform Membership Problem	p. 116
Recognition of Well-Nested Languages	p. 119
Related Work	p. 120
Conclusion	p. 121
Main Contributions	p. 121
Future Directions	p. 121
Development of the Formalism	p. 123
Linguistic Relevance	p. 123
Applications to Parsing	p. 124
An Algebraic Perspective on Grammar Formalisms	p. 124
References	p. 127
Index	p. 135
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Dependency Structures and Lexicalized Grammars

An Algebraic Approach

At a Glance

Paperback

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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