Defects in Solids

of Volume 2.- 1 Electronic Structure and Spectra of Impurities in the More Ionic Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Incorporation of Impurities and Defects in Crystals.- 2.1. Solubility and Heat of Solution of Impurities in Crystals.- 2.2. Energies of Defect Formation.- 2.3. Equilibria among Electrons, Impurities, and Defects.- 3. Electronic States of Impurity Ions in Crystals.- 3.1. The Absorption and Emission of Radiation.- 3.2. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy of the Transition Group Ions.- 3.3. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy of Non-Transition Group Impurities.- 3.4. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy of Ion Pair Systems.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 2 The Imperfect Solid-Color Centers in Ionic Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. General.- 1.2. Scope.- 1.3. Units and Definitions.- 2. Optical Properties-Perfect Crystals.- 2.1. The Spectrum.- 2.2. The Infrared Region.- 2.3. The Ultraviolet Region.- 3. Color Centers.- 3.1. Types of Centers.- 3.2. Color Center Creation.- 3.3. Theory of Electronic Structure and Optical Properties.- 3.4. Optical Properties-Results and Interpretation.- 3.5. Other Experimental Probes.- 3.6. Color Center Chemistry.- 4. Applications: Information Storage.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Chapters 3 The Imperfect Solid-Dielectric Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Introduction to Ferroelectrics.- 2.1. Outline of Ferroelectric Theory.- 2.2. Statistical Theory of Lines.- 3. Pyroelectricity.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Pyroelectric Measurements.- 3.3. Effect of Stoichiometry in Strontium Barium Niobate.- 3.4. Depollng in Triglycine Sulfate.- 3.5. Transition Metal Doping Lithium Tantalate.- 3.6. Pyroelectric PolyvinyHdene Fluoride Polymer.- 4. Nonlinear Optical Materials.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Techniques for Optical Homogeneity Determination.- 4.3. The Method of Parametric Fluorescence.- 4.4. Index Damage Measurements.- 4.5. Optical Homogeneity.- 4.6. Changing Phase-Match Temperature.- 4.7. Minimizing Optical Index Damage.- References.- 4 The Imperfect Solid-Transport Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Types of Disorder.- 1.2. Types of Bonding.- 2. Electronic Structure of Perfect and Imperfect Solids.- 2.1. Energy Band Theory of Solids.- 2.2. Effects of Imperfections in Nearly Perfect Crystals.- 2.3. Complete Long-Range Disorder.- 3. Transport Properties of Solids.- 3.1. Transport in Metals.- 3.2. Transport in Covalent Semiconductors.- 3.3. Transport Properties of Ionic Solids.- 3.4. Mott Insulators.- 3.5. Polarons and Hopping Conduction.- 3.6. Amorphous Semiconductors.- 4. Insulator-Metal Transitions.- 4.1. Band Overlap Transitions.- 4.2. Electronically Induced Phase Transformations.- 4.3. Mott Transitions.- 5. Experimental Results.- 5.1. Metal Oxides.- 5.2. Transition Metal Oxides.- 5.3. Rare Earth Oxides and Chalcogenides.- 5.4. Amorphous Semiconductors.- 5.5. Metals.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 The Imperfect Solid-Semiconductors.- 1. Imperfections in Crystalline Semiconductors.- 1.1. Electronic Energy States in the Perfect Crystal.- 1.2. Atomic Point Defects.- 1.3. Dislocations, Grain Boundaries, and Surfaces.- 1.4. Excitation Defects 3462. Electron-Hole Equilibria.- 2.1. Conduction-Band Electrons and Valence-Band Holes.- 2.2. Donors and Acceptors.- 3. Electrical Properties.- 4. Optical Properties.- 4.1. Intrinsic Behavior.- 4.2. Influence of Atomic Point Defects.- 5. The Chemical Potentials in Elemental Semiconductors.- 5.1. Nonassociated Defects.- 5.2. Associated Defects.- 6. The Chemical Potentials for Binary Semiconductor Compounds.- 6.1. Thermodynamic Considerations.- 6.2. General Characteristics of the Model for a Semiconductor Compound.- 6.3. Chemical Potentials for a Binary Semiconductor Compound.- 6.4. Variations of the Basic Model.- 6.5. Refinements.- References.- 6 The Imperfect Solid-Magnetic Properties.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intrinsic Properties.- 2.1. Saturation Magnetization.- 2.2. Exchange Constant.- 2.3. Anisotropy Constants.- 2.4. Magnetostrictive Constants.- 3. Effect of Impurities.- 3.1. Microwave Loss.- 3.2. Domain Wall Motion.- 3.3. Acoustic Loss.- 4. Structure-Sensitive Properties.- 4.1. Permeability.- 4.2. Coercive Force.- 4.3. B-H loop.- 5. Lowered Symmetry.- 5.1. Field- and Growth-Induced Anisotropy.- 5.2. Photoinduced Anisotropy.- 5.3. Jahn-Teller Effect.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7 The Imperfect Solid-Mechanical Properties.- 1. Introduction to Plasticity.- 2. Dislocations.- 3. Plastic Deformation of Pure Single Crystal by Slip.- 3.1. Plastic Deformation of FCC Crystals.- 3.2. Plastic Deformation of Hexagonal Crystals.- 3.3. Plastic Deformation of Crystals Having the Diamond Structure (DS).- 3.4. Plastic Deformation of BCC Crystals.- 3.5. Plastic Deformation of Crystals Having the NaCl Structure.- 3.6. General Features of Stress-Strain Curves of Pure Single Crystals.- 4. Mechanical Twinning.- 5. Solid-Solution Hardening.- 5.1. Experimental Observations.- 5.2. Interaction Mechanisms between Dislocation and Solute Atoms.- 5.3. Interpretation of the Experiments on Solid-Solution Hardening.- 6. Hardening by Particles of a Second Phase.- 6.1. Cutting of Particles.- 6.2. Orowan Mechanism.- 7. Mechanical Properties of Polycrystals.- 7.1. Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals by Dislocation Mechanisms.- 7.2. Plastic Deformation of Polycrystals by Grain Boundary Sliding.- 8. Fracture.- 8.1. Fracture by Unidirectional Deformation.- 8.2. Fatigue Fracture.- 9. Anelasticity.- 9.1. Anelasticity Due to Point Defects.- 9.2. Anelasticity Due to Dislocations.- Acknowledgments.- References.