Preface xv
About the Book xix
About the Editors xxi
Introduction xxiii
1 Tailoring Photocatalytic Materials Through Defect Engineering: Control, Mechanism, and Experimental Protocols 1
Abdelkader Labidi, Jiangyushan Liang, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Defects Creation and Applications 3
1.3 Characterization of Defects 13
1.4 Benefits and Limitations 13
1.5 Conclusion 15
Acknowledgments 16
Declarations 16
Conflict of Interest 16
References 16
2 Defect Engineering in Photocatalysis: Opportunities and Challenges 23
Abdelkader Labidi, Xiaoqian Xu, Jiangyushan Liang, Ting Gao, Haitao Ren, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Defects in Photocatalytic Feedstocks 26
2.3 Advances and Challenges 35
2.4 Conclusion 37
Acknowledgments 38
Declaration of Competing Interest 38
References 38
3 Tailoring TiO2 and Other Metal Oxide (WO3 and ZnO) Photocatalysts with Defect Engineering 43
Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Jiangyushan Liang, Ting Gao, Xiaoqian Xu, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Defective Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 44
3.3 Benefits and Limitations 55
3.4 Future Perspectives 57
3.5 Conclusion 58
Acknowledgements 58
Declaration of Competing Interest 58
References 59
4 Defective Heterojunction Photocatalysts: Ample Opportunity for Photocatalytic Implementations 65
Keshav Kumar and Chandana Rath
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Types of Heterojunctions 67
4.3 Synthesis of Defective Heterojunctions and Applications 69
4.4 Characterization of Defects 73
4.5 Role of Defects 74
4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 77
Conflict of Interest 78
References 78
5 Defect-Engineered Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Implementations 85
Zhiting Chen and Qiuhui Zhu
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Synthesis Strategies and Characterizations 86
5.3 Photocatalytic Applications 89
5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 96
5.5 Conclusion 97
Conflict of Interest 97
References 97
6 Defect Behavior of Carbon Nitride (g-C3 N4)asEfficient Feedstock in Photocatalytic Reactions 103
Debika Gogoi, Rajeshvari Samatbhai Karmur, and Rakesh K. Sharma
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Synthesis of Defective g-C3 N4 105
6.3 Photocatalytic Applications 115
6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 121
Conflicts of Interest 122
References 122
7 Structures, Properties, and Applications of Defective Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 127
Hanedi Elhleli and Younes Moussaoui
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Preparation Methods and Characterizations 129
7.3 Structures and Properties 132
7.4 Photocatalytic Applications 136
7.5 Advantages and Limitations 139
7.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 140
Acknowledgments 142
Conflict of Interest 142
References 142
8 Defective Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis 149
Sudirman
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Defects Creation in Photocatalytic Materials 151
8.3 Photocatalytic Transformations 155
8.4 Photocatalysis in Organic Synthesis 159
8.5 Challenges and Limitations 162
8.6 Future Research Directions 163
8.7 Conclusion 165
Acknowledgments 165
Conflict of Interest 166
References 166
9 Photo-Therapy Based on Defective Photocatalysts 171
Jianmin Luo, Jiahong Ye, and Bin Liu
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 172
9.3 Phototherapy Reactions 173
9.4 Types of Defects 177
9.5 Synthesis Strategies for Defect-Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 180
9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 183
References 183
10 Defected-Engineered Materials for Photocatalytic Sterilization 191
Haitao Ren, Abdelkader Labidi, Yuzhen Zhao, Atif Sial, and Chuanyi Wang
10.1 Introduction 191
10.2 Sterilization Mechanism 194
10.3 Types and Characterization of Defects 196
10.4 Defective Photocatalysts for Sterilization 198
10.5 Advantages and Limitations 203
10.6 Conclusion 204
Acknowledgements 205
Conflict of Interest 205
References 205
11 Nano- and Microplastics Degradation Using Defect-engineered Photocatalytic Feedstocks 211
Elham Jalilnejad, Mehran Alizadeh, and Sahar Rezaei
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Sources and Accumulation 212
11.3 Nano- and Microplastics Degradation 218
11.4 Future Prospects 227
11.5 Conclusion 228
Conflict of Interest 228
List of Abbreviations 228
References 229
12 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Desalination: Synthesis Strategies, Types of Defects, and Mechanisms 239
Fangdi Wu and Yongqian Cui
12.1 Introduction 239
12.2 Synthesis Methodologies for Defective Photocatalytic Materials 242
12.3 Mechanisms and Advancements 246
12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 253
Acknowledgments 255
Conflict of Interest 255
References 255
13 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Organic Pollutant Degradation 261
Jiapeng Hu
13.1 Introduction 261
13.2 Point Defects 264
13.3 Line Defects 269
13.4 Planar Defects 271
13.5 Volume Defects 273
13.6 Conclusion 275
Conflict of Interest 276
References 276
14 NoX Removal Using Defective Photocatalytic Materials 279
Qiuhui Zhu, Yongqian Cui, Xue Xiao, Juiyeh Rau, Yin Shen, and Chuanyi Wang
14.1 Introduction 279
14.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of NO Removal 280
14.3 The Photocatalytic NO Removal Over Defective Catalysts 282
14.4 Conclusion 295
Acknowledgements 296
Conflict of Interest 296
References 296
15 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Biomass Conversion 299
Nafiseh Pourshirband, Aydin Hassani, and Paria Sharafi-Badr
15.1 Introduction 299
15.2 Types of Defects 301
15.3 Preparation and Characterization 302
15.4 Biomass Conversion 304
15.5 Challenges and Limitations 309
15.6 Future Perspectives 311
15.7 Conclusion 312
Conflict of Interest 313
References 313
16 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on Defect-Rich Catalysts 319
Wen Chen, Bao Pan, Jiani Qin, Jui-Yeh Rau, and Chuanyi Wang
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2 Reduction 320
16.3 Classification of Defects 321
16.4 Creation of Defects 322
16.5 Application of Defects in CO2 Reduction 324
16.6 Conclusions and Outlook 327
Conflict of Interest 327
References 327
17 H2 Evolution Utilizing Defect-Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 331
Atif Sial, Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, and Chuanyi Wang
17.1 Introduction 331
17.2 Synthesis Protocols 333
17.3 H2 Evolution Reactions 340
17.4 Conclusion and Perspective 347
Conflict of Interest 348
References 349
18 Enhanced H2 O2 Production Over Defective Photocatalytic Materials 351
Mohsen Padervand, Alireza Bargahi, Mahshid Sarkheil, Elmuez Dawi, and Abdelkader Labidi
18.1 Introduction 351
18.2 Defect Chemistry 352
18.3 H2 O2 Production Strategies 354
18.4 Types of Solid Photocatalysts 356
18.5 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for H2 O2 Production 356
18.6 Mechanism of Defects 358
18.7 Defect Insertion in Photocatalysts 359
18.8 Opportunities and Challenges 360
18.9 Future Perspectives 360
18.10 Conclusions 362
Acknowledgments 362
Conflict of Interest 362
References 362
19 Photocatalytic NH3 Synthesis by Defect-Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 367
Ximing Li, Lin Tian, and Chuanyi Wang
19.1 Introduction 367
19.2 Principle of Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation Reaction 369
19.3 Roles of Defects in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction 370
19.4 Defects in Photocatalysts for Enhanced Nitrogen Photoreduction 373
19.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 379
Conflict of Interest 380
References 380
20 Summary 383
Atif Sial, Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, and Chuanyi Wang
20.1 Role of Defects in Photocatalysis 383
20.2 Advantages of Defect Engineering 385
20.3 Disadvantages of Defect Engineering 393
20.4 Summary and Outlooks 396
Conflict of Interest 397
References 397
Index 401
