Current Developments in Anthropological Genetics

1. Problems and Hypotheses: An Introduction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ethnohistory.- 3. Unique Characteristics of the Black Caribs.- 4. Central Research Problems.- 5. Contents of This Volume.- References.- I: Sociocultural and Demographic Sections.- 2. The Garifuna in Central America: Ethnohistorical and Geographical Foundations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. St. Vincent Origins.- 3. Dispersal in Central America.- 3.1. St. Vincent to Roatan Island, Honduras, 1797.- 3.2. The Trujillo Core, 1797-1810.- 3.3. Honduran Mosquitia, 1803-1814.- 3.4. Belize, 1802-1832.- 3.5. Western Honduras and Guatemala, 1821-1836.- 4. Patterns of Settlement.- 4.1. Garifuna Culture Realm.- 4.2. Trade Areas.- 4.3. Village Subsistence Region.- 4.4. Settlement Proper.- 4.5. Family Compound.- 5. Summary.- References.- 3. The Changing Vincentian Carib Population.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prior to 1797.- 2.1. Population Estimates.- 3. Post-1797.- 3.1. 1844 Census.- 3.2. Carib-Creole Contact.- 3.3 Population Effects of Cataclysms.- 3.4. Population Movements.- 3.5. Census of 1931.- 4. Current Population Estimates.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 4. Garifuna (Black Carib) Social Organization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. St. Vincent Background.- 3. Garifuna Social Organization, Central America.- 3.1. Households in Livingston, 1956.- 3.2. Consanguineal Households.- 3.3. Household Changes in 1975.- 3.4. The Neighborhood.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. The Future.- References.- 5. Demographic Patterns of the Garifuna (Black Caribs) of Belize.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Population Size.- 3.2. Family Size.- 3.3. Sex Ratio.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 6. Past and Present Evidence of Interethnic Mating.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Twentieth-Century Accounts.- 3. Nineteenth-Century Accounts.- 3.1. Nineteenth-Century Population Statistics.- 4. The Problem of Genetic Isolation.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 7. Ethnicity and Mating Patterns in Punta Gorda, Belize.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Setting and Background.- 3. Cultural and Social Differentiation.- 3.1. Language.- 3.2. Occupation.- 3.3. Religion.- 3.4. Physical.- 3.5. Surnames.- 4. Ethnic Relations.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- II: Morphological Section.- 8. Nutrition and Growth in Early Childhood among the Garifuna and Creole of Belize.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Research Design.- 2.2. Research Techniques.- 2.3. Sample Size and Location.- 2.4. Methods of Analysis.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Comparative Growth of Creole and Garifuna Children.- 3.2. Nutritional Status.- 3.3. Biocultural Factors.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 9. Skin Color of the Garifuna of Belize.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 10. Dental Variation in Black Carib Populations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Discontinuous Traits.- 3.2. Odontometrics.- 3.3. Two-Dimensional Representations of Discrete Traits.- 4. Discussion and Conclusion.- References.- 11. Anthropometry of Black Caribs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Sexual Dimorphism.- 3.2. Factor Analysis.- 3.3. Discriminant Analysis.- 3.4. Analysis of Variance.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 12. Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Level among the Black Caribs of St. Vincent Island.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Populations Studied.- 2.2. Familial Analysis.- 2.3. Hybrid Analysis.- 2.4. Anthropometric Analysis.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Familial Correlations.- 3.2. Hybridization.- 3.3. Anthropometric Relationship to Hypertension.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Familial Correlations.- 4.2. Hybridization and Blood Pressure.- 4.3. Body Build and Blood Pressure.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13. Quantitative Analyses of the Dermatoglyphic Patterns of the Black Carib Populations of Central America.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Populations Sampled.- 3. Methods of Dermatoglyphic Analysis.- 3.1. Analytic Methods.- 4. Results.- 4.1. Descriptive Statistics.- 4.2. Intrapopulation Analysis.- 4.3. Interpopulation Comparison.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- III: Genetic Section.- 14. Genetic Structure of the Garifuna Population in Belize.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Material and Methods.- 2.1. Hemoglobins.- 2.2. Phosphoglucomutase (PGM).- 2.3. Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6PGD).- 2.4. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA).- 2.5. Serum Proteins.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. The Hemoglobins.- 3.2. The Haptoglobins.- 3.3. Immunoglobulins.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 15. Blood Group, Hemoglobin, and Plasma Protein Polymorphisms in Black Carib Populations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. ABO.- 3.2. Rhesus.- 3.3. MNSs.- 3.4. Lutheran.- 1.1. KeH.- 1.2. Kidd.- 1.3. P.- 1.4. Diego.- 1.5. Duffy.- 1.6. Hemoglobin, Haptoglobin, Transferrin.- 1.7. Other Genes.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 16. Blood Group, Serum Protein, and Red Cell Enzyme Polymorphisms, and Admixture among the Black Caribs and Creoles of Central America and the Caribbean.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Material.- 2.1. Admixture Estimates.- 2.2. Genetic Heterozygosity.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Blood Group Systems.- 3.2. Serum Proteins.- 3.3. Erythrocytic Protein Variation.- 3.4. Genetic Heterozygosity.- 3.5. Admixture Estimates.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 17. Abnormal Hemoglobins among the Black Caribs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. The Sickle Cell Carrier Rate in Black Carib Communities.- 3.2. Correlation of Sickle Cell Carrier Rate in Communities with Malarial Infestation.- 3.3. Sex Distribution of the Sickle Cell Trait.- 3.4. Fertility of Women with the Sickle Cell Trait Compared with Normal Women.- 3.5. The History of Abortions and Stillbirths.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 18. Immunoglobulin Allotypes in the Black Caribs and Creoles of Belize and St. Vincent.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods and Materials.- 2.1. Analytic Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Gene Frequency Data.- 3.2. Admixture Estimates of Ethnic Composition.- 3.3. Population Structure.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 19. Genetic Population Structure of the Black Caribs and Creoles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biosocial History of the Black Caribs.- 3. Materials.- 4. Analytical Methods.- 4.1. Relationship Matrices.- 4.2. Genetic Maps.- 4.3. Mean Per-Locus Heterozygosity.- 5. Black Carib Population Structure.- 6. Discussion.- References.- 20. Anthropogenetics in a Hybrid Population: The Black Carib Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sociocultural Background.- 3. Quantitative Biological Variables.- 4. Genetic Variation.- 5. Conclusion.