List of Figures xv
List of Tables xix
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
Acronyms xxxi
Part I Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology
1 Blockchain: A New Era of Technology 3
Gururaj H L, Manoj Athreya A, Ashwin A Kumar, Abhishek M Holla, Nagarajath S M, Ravi Kumar V
1.1 Introduction to Web 3.0 6
1.1.1 Web 1.0 6
1.1.2 Web 2.0 6
1.1.3 Web 3.0 7
1.2 Blockchain 7
1.2.1 Hash Cryptography 8
1.2.2 Immutability 9
1.2.3 Distributed P2P Network 10
1.2.4 Mining 11
1.2.5 Consensus Protocol 11
1.3 Bitcoin 12
1.4 Ethereum 12
1.4.1 Ethereum Network 13
1.4.2 Interfacing with Ethereum 13
1.4.3 Ethereum Account 14
1.4.4 Ethereum Network Transactions 15
1.5 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) 15
1.6 Decentralized Applications (DApps) 16
1.7 Case Study: FIR 17
1.7.1 Project Description 18
1.7.2 Tools Used 18
1.7.3 Project Workings 20
1.8 Conclusion 22
References 23
2 Blockchain: A Path to the Future 25
Avinash Kaur, Anand Nayyar, Parminder Singh
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Blockchain Architecture 27
2.2.1 Block 27
2.2.2 Digital Signature 28
2.2.3 Main Attributes of Blockchain 29
2.3 Types of Blockchain Systems 29
2.4 Consensus Algorithms 30
2.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 30
2.4.2 Pure Stake-Based Consensus 34
2.4.3 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 34
2.4.4 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) 34
2.4.5 Hybrid Form of PoS and PoW 35
2.4.6 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 35
2.4.7 Ripple 35
2.4.8 Tendermint 35
2.4.9 Proof of Elapsed Time 36
2.4.10 Proof of Activity (PoA) 36
2.4.11 Proof of Burn (PoB) 36
2.5 Blockchain Applications That are Transforming Society 37
2.6 Future Scope 38
References 39
3 Blockchain in 5G 43
C. Mageshkumar, J. Rajeshkumar, L. Godlin Atlas, P. Hamsagayathri
3.1 Introduction 44
3.1.1 What is Blockchain Technology? 45
3.1.2 Blockchain in Real-Time World 45
3.1.3 Working Process of Blockchain 47
3.2 Data Economy of Blockchain and 5G 47
3.3 Combination of Blockchain Technology and 5G Mobile Connection 50
3.4 How to Use 5G and Blockchain Together 50
3.5 Applications of Blockchain and 5G 52
3.5.1 Smart Contracts 52
3.5.2 Data Management 52
3.5.3 Supply Chain Auditing 52
3.5.4 Entertainment and Multimedia 52
3.5.5 Smart Home 53
3.5.6 Logistics and Shipping 53
3.5.7 Drone Operation 53
3.6 Conclusion 53
References 53
4 Blockchain in Social Networking 55
T. Poongodi, R. Sujatha, D. Sumathi, P. Suresh, B. Balamurugan
4.1 Overview of Blockchain and Social Networking Platform 56
4.1.1 Basic Structure of Blockchain 57
4.1.2 Review of Social Networking Platform 58
4.1.3 Relationship between Social Media and Blockchain 60
4.2 Decentralized Online Social Network 60
4.2.1 Distributed Online Social Network Architecture 60
4.2.2 Social Data Representation 61
4.2.3 Security Issues 63
4.3 Trusted Social Network with Blockchain Technology 63
4.3.1 Rumor Spreading Model 65
4.3.2 Blockchain Protocols for Rumor Spreading 66
4.3.3 Comparison of SIR and Blockchain-Based SIR 67
4.4 Privacy-Preserving Services for Social Network 69
4.4.1 Blockchain-Based Social Media 70
4.4.2 Impact of Blockchain in Social Media 71
4.5 Issues and Challenges of Blockchain in Social Network 72
4.6 Conclusion 73
References 73
5 Integrating Blockchain with CACC for Trust and Platoon Management 77
Pranav Kumar Singh, Roshan Singh, Sunit Kumar Nandi, Sukumar Nandi
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Literature Review 80
5.3 Background 81
5.3.1 CACC Platooning 81
5.3.2 Blockchain 82
5.3.3 Smart Contracts 82
5.3.4 Ethereum 82
5.4 Consensus in Blockchain 83
5.4.1 Proof-of-Work (PoW) 83
5.4.2 Proof-of-Authority (PoA) 84
5.5 Proposed Framework 84
5.5.1 Blockchain at the Vehicular Plane for Intra-platoon Communications 84
5.5.2 Blockchain at the RSU Plane for Trust and Reputation Management 89
5.6 Experiments 91
5.6.1 Experiment 1: Blockchain for Intra-platoon Communication and Platoon Management 91
5.6.2 Experiment 2: Blockchain for Trust and Reputation Management 91
5.7 Results and Discussion 92
5.8 Conclusion 94
References 95
6 Impact of Blockchain for Internet of Things Security 99
Bhawana Rudra
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 Challenges and Issues in IoT 101
6.2.1 Attacks on IoT 101
6.3 Blockchain 106
6.3.1 Features 107
6.3.2 Blockchain Types 110
6.4 IoT Blockchain Approaches 110
6.4.1 Blockchain Platforms for IoT 111
6.4.2 Applications 114
6.5 Research Challenges 119
6.6 Conclusion 121
References 121
7 Chaos Control Dynamics of Cryptovirology in Blockchain 129
Rashmi Bhardwaj and Saureesh Das
7.1 Introduction 130
7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Stability Analysis 132
7.2.1 Fixed-Point Analysis 134
7.2.2 Phase Space Analysis 137
7.2.3 Time Series Analysis 138
7.2.4 Bifurcation Analysis 139
7.3 Lyapunov Exponent and Chaos 142
7.4 Controlling of Chaos 144
7.5 Conclusion 145
References 146
8 Blockchain and Bitcoin Security 149
K. Murugeswari, B. Balamurugan and G. Ganesan
8.1 Introduction 150
8.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin 151
8.3 Working Idea of Bitcoin 151
8.4 Case Study for Analyzing the Reason for Fall in Bitcoin Value 152
8.4.1 Security Threats to Bitcoin Protocol 152
8.4.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin Services 152
8.4.3 Security Threats by Other Factors 152
8.5 Analyzed Report 152
8.6 Rise of Bitcoin Value 154
8.7 Conclusion 154
References 154
Part II Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Applications
9 Applications with Blockchain Technique 159
L. Godlin Atlas, C. Magesh Kumar, Rajakumari, P. Hamsagayathi
9.1 Introduction 160
9.1.1 Overview 160
9.1.2 Decentralization 161
9.1.3 Immutability 163
9.2 Applications of Blockchain Technology 164
9.2.1 Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry 164
9.2.2 Cybersecurity 165
9.2.3 Voting 167
9.2.4 Land Registry 169
9.2.5 Blockchain Applications in Healthcare 170
9.2.6 Blockchain Applications in Internet of Things (IoT) 173
9.2.7 Vehicle Industries 176
9.2.8 Smart Appliances 176
9.2.9 Supply Chains 177
9.3 Conclusion 177
References 177
10 Impact of Application of Big Data on Cryptocurrency 181
Sandeep Kr. Sharma, Rajiv Kumar Modanval, N. Gayathri, S. Rakesh Kumar and C. Ramesh
10.1 Introduction 182
10.2 Related Studies 183
10.3 Cryptocurrency 183
10.3.1 How Does a Cryptocurrency Transaction Work? 184
10.3.2 The Cryptocurrency Market 185
10.3.3 Future of Cryptocurrency in a Country Like India 185
10.4 Blockchain 186
10.5 Big Data 187
10.5.1 Introduction 187
10.5.2 Importance of Big Data 188
10.6 Coexistence of Big Data and Blockchain 189
10.6.1 Ensuring Data Quality Using Blockchain and Big Data 190
10.6.2 Where Can Cryptocurrency with Big Data Be Used? 191
10.7 Future Aspects of Cryptocurrency with Big Data 192
10.8 Conclusion 193
References 193
11 A Neoteric Smart and Sustainable Farming Environment Incorporating Blockchain 197
M. Afshar Alam, Abdul Ahad, Sherin Zafar, Gautami Tripathi
11.1 Introduction 198
11.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology and Its Impact on Agriculture 200
11.2.1 Future of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 200
11.2.2 AI vs. Grasshoppers 201
11.3 Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Its Impact on Agriculture 201
11.3.1 Types of Blockchain 202
11.3.2 Generations of Blockchain Technology 202
11.3.3 Blockchain in Agriculture: A Boost to Smart Agriculture 203
11.4 A Neoteric Smart and Sustainable Farming Environment Incorporating Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence Approach 206
11.5 Conclusion and Future Work 211
References 211
12 Theories of Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and Distributed Systems and Environmental Implications 215
P. Mary Jeyanthi
12.1 Introduction 216
12.2 Literature Review 218
12.3 Theories of Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and Distributed Systems 219
12.3.1 The Theory of Blockchains 219
12.3.2 Definition of Blockchains 220
12.3.3 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) vs. Blockchain 220
12.3.4 Evolving Terminology with Evolved Technology: Decentralized vs. Distributed 221
12.3.5 Main Bitcoin Properties: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System 224
12.4 Environmental Implications of the Cryptocurrency Market 232
12.4.1 Key Stats 232
12.4.2 Energy Consumption 234
12.4.3 What’s Next? 235
12.5 Conclusion 236
References 236
13 Blockchain Technology: A Paradigm Shift in Investment Banking 239
R. Vedapradha, Hariharan Ravi, Arockia Rajasekar
13.1 Introduction 240
13.1.1 Evolution of Technology 240
13.1.2 Scope of Applications 240
13.1.3 Merits of Blockchain Technology in Banks 242
13.1.4 Investment Banks 243
13.1.5 Theoretical Framework 243
13.1.6 Investment Banking Operational Levels 244
13.1.7 Conceptual Framework 247
13.1.8 Challenges 248
13.2 Literature Review 249
13.3 Statement of the Problem 250
13.3.1 Objectives 250
13.3.2 Hypothesis 251
13.3.3 Sampling 251
13.3.4 Data Collection and Source 251
13.3.5 Variables and Statistical Tools Used 251
13.3.6 Limitations 251
13.4 Results 251
13.5 Discussion of Findings 256
13.6 Conclusion 257
References 257
14 Trading Energy as a Digital Asset: A Blockchain-Based Energy Market 261
Claudia Pop, Marcel Antal, Tudor Cioara, Ionut Anghel
14.1 Introduction 262
14.2 Blockchain-Based P2P Energy Market 263
14.3 Distributed Ledger for Energy Tracking 265
14.3.1 Energy Provenance and Immutability 266
14.3.2 Energy Transactions Privacy 268
14.4 Self-Enforcing Smart Contracts for Energy Market Management 271
14.4.1 Prosumers Registration and Permission Control 271
14.4.2 Prosumers Energy Trading 273
14.5 Conclusion 277
References 277
15 Application View towards Blockchain: Demystifying the Myths 281
Utkarsh Chitranshi and Sunil Kumar Chawla
15.1 Introduction 282
15.1.1 Problems in the Present System 282
15.1.2 Definitions 283
15.2 What Blockchain Does Not Replace 286
15.3 Mining Mechanism 287
15.4 Various Participants of Blockchain System 287
15.5 Organized Use Cases 288
15.6 Hyperledger 289
15.7 Steps to Creating Your Own App 289
15.8 Advertising Industry 290
15.9 Present Day Implementation 291
15.10 Versatile Use Cases 292
15.11 Myths 293
15.12 Conclusion 294
References 294
