| Preface to the Student | p. xiii |
| Introduction: Freethinking | p. 1 |
| Kinds of Reasoning | |
| The Nuts and Bolts of Reasoning | p. 11 |
| Arguments | p. 11 |
| Statements That Do Not Form Arguments | p. 12 |
| Presenting an Argument versus Presenting a Good Argument | p. 14 |
| p. 15 |
| Inductive and Deductive Arguments | p. 17 |
| p. 17 |
| Identifying Premises and Conclusions in Arguments | p. 19 |
| p. 22 |
| Deduction | |
| Deductive Reasoning | p. 25 |
| Basics of Deductive Reasoning | p. 25 |
| p. 27 |
| p. 29 |
| Hypothetical Syllogisms | p. 33 |
| The Vocabulary of Conditional Statements | p. 33 |
| Necessary versus Sufficient Conditions | p. 35 |
| p. 36 |
| Forms of Hypothetical Syllogism | p. 37 |
| p. 46 |
| Nonsyllogistic Conditional Arguments | p. 48 |
| p. 48 |
| Setting Ordinary Language Arguments Up as Hypothetical Syllogisms | p. 49 |
| p. 56 |
| Disjunctive Syllogisms | p. 59 |
| The Core Meaning of "Or" | p. 59 |
| Forms of Disjunctive Syllogisms | p. 60 |
| p. 65 |
| Black or White Major Premises in Disjunctive Syllogisms | p. 67 |
| p. 69 |
| False Dilemmas | p. 70 |
| p. 71 |
| p. 75 |
| Truth-Functional Logic | p. 77 |
| The Meaning of Truth-Functional Logic | p. 77 |
| Symbolizing Truth-Functional Connectives | p. 77 |
| Constructing Truth Tables to Define Truth-Functional Connectives | p. 79 |
| Using Truth Tables to Determine the Validity of Truth-Functional Arguments | p. 80 |
| p. 83 |
| p. 84 |
| Symbolizing and Analyzing Arguments in Ordinary Language | p. 84 |
| p. 87 |
| Statement Forms | p. 89 |
| The Practical Import of Distinguishing Between Tautologous, Contingent, and Contradictory Statement Forms | p. 90 |
| p. 91 |
| Material versus Logical Equivalence | p. 92 |
| Three Logical Equivalences | p. 92 |
| p. 93 |
| Categorical Statements | p. 95 |
| Universal and Particular Quantifiers | p. 95 |
| Quantity and Quality | p. 96 |
| Standard Categorical Form Statements | p. 96 |
| p. 99 |
| Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Standard Categorical Form | p. 100 |
| p. 102 |
| p. 107 |
| Existential Import | p. 109 |
| p. 111 |
| Immediate Deductions | p. 113 |
| The Square of Opposition | p. 113 |
| p. 117 |
| p. 120 |
| p. 122 |
| Other Immediate Inferences | p. 123 |
| p. 124 |
| p. 126 |
| p. 128 |
| Making Multiple Immediate Deductions | p. 128 |
| p. 129 |
| Categorical Syllogisms | p. 131 |
| The Basic Parts of a Categorical Syllogism | p. 131 |
| p. 132 |
| Distribution of Terms | p. 133 |
| p. 134 |
| Five Rules for Testing the Validity of Categorical Syllogisms | p. 134 |
| Fallacies in Categorical Syllogisms | p. 135 |
| p. 147 |
| Formulating and Assessing Categorical Syllogisms in Ordinary Language: The Case for "All Wars Are Civil Wars" | p. 148 |
| p. 150 |
| p. 151 |
| Induction | |
| Generalization | p. 155 |
| Induction as Probabilistic Reasoning | p. 155 |
| The Defeasibility of Induction | p. 156 |
| Probability as Relative to Bearers of Evidence | p. 156 |
| p. 157 |
| Induction as Reasoning beyond Direct Experience | p. 157 |
| Generalization | p. 158 |
| p. 161 |
| p. 163 |
| p. 165 |
| p. 167 |
| p. 168 |
| Predictions | p. 169 |
| Magnifying Risks | p. 170 |
| p. 172 |
| The Fallacy of Insisting on the Past | p. 172 |
| p. 173 |
| The Fallacy of Ignoring the Past | p. 174 |
| p. 175 |
| Seeking Probability as an Antidote to Insisting On and Ignoring the Past | p. 175 |
| p. 176 |
| Induction by Analogy: The Case of Animal Experimentation | p. 177 |
| p. 180 |
| p. 181 |
| Testimonials | p. 183 |
| Surfing the Internet to Keep Informed | p. 184 |
| p. 186 |
| Mainstream Media as an Information Source | p. 186 |
| p. 187 |
| Parroting: The Case of Judith Miller and the New York Times | p. 187 |
| p. 189 |
| Inductive Hypothesis | p. 191 |
| Inductive Hypotheses | p. 191 |
| p. 193 |
| The Scientific Method: The Case of O.J. Simpson | p. 194 |
| p. 207 |
| p. 207 |
| Causation | p. 209 |
| The Meaning of Causation | p. 209 |
| p. 211 |
| Constant Conjunction | p. 212 |
| p. 214 |
| Fear and Superstition as the Basis of Causal Judgment | p. 214 |
| p. 215 |
| Mill's Methods of Establishing Causal Relationships | p. 215 |
| p. 220 |
| Contrary-to-Fact Conditionals | p. 223 |
| p. 225 |
| Behavioral and Emotional Reasoning | |
| Behavioral Reasoning | p. 227 |
| The Practical Syllogism | p. 227 |
| Behavioral Reasoning | p. 229 |
| A Basic Example: Bill O'Reilly's Rudeness Argument | p. 229 |
| p. 231 |
| Reasoning Containing a Subargument: Adolph Eichmann's Refusal to Take Responsibility for His Nazi War Crimes | p. 232 |
| p. 235 |
| Analyzing Extended Arguments: The Case of Weapons of Mass Destruction in Iraq | p. 235 |
| p. 242 |
| Refutation in Practical Reasoning | p. 247 |
| Deductive Falsification | p. 248 |
| p. 248 |
| Insufficient Inductive Evidence | p. 249 |
| p. 250 |
| p. 250 |
| Reductio ad Absurdum | p. 251 |
| p. 252 |
| Double Standards | p. 252 |
| p. 254 |
| p. 254 |
| Informal Fallacies in Practical Reasoning | p. 254 |
| Emotional Reasoning | p. 257 |
| Emotional Reasoning | p. 257 |
| What's in an Emotion? | p. 257 |
| p. 259 |
| How to Identify an Emotion and Find Its Premises | p. 260 |
| p. 261 |
| Refuting Irrational Premises in Emotional Reasoning | p. 262 |
| p. 262 |
| Cognitive Dissonance | p. 263 |
| p. 264 |
| Finding an Antidote to a Fallacious Premise in Emotional Reasoning | p. 264 |
| p. 268 |
| p. 268 |
| Logic-Based Stress Management | p. 269 |
| p. 271 |
| Informal Fallacies | |
| Fallacies that Promote Self-Destructive Emotions | |
| Inferences from "Must," "Awful," and "Can't" | p. 275 |
| The Linguistic Theory of Emotions | p. 275 |
| Demanding Perfection | p. 275 |
| p. 277 |
| p. 279 |
| p. 281 |
| Awfulizing | p. 281 |
| p. 285 |
| p. 285 |
| p. 287 |
| Can'tstipation | p. 287 |
| p. 290 |
| p. 293 |
| p. 294 |
| Damning Thoughts and Dutiful Worrying | p. 297 |
| Self-damnation and Damnation of Others | p. 297 |
| p. 298 |
| p. 299 |
| p. 299 |
| p. 301 |
| p. 301 |
| p. 304 |
| Global Damnation | p. 304 |
| p. 305 |
| Dutiful Worrying | p. 306 |
| p. 308 |
| p. 310 |
| p. 310 |
| Fallacy Syndromes | p. 311 |
| p. 313 |
| p. 315 |
| Learning to Speak the Rational Emotive Language | p. 316 |
| Fallacies that Impede Successful Interpersonal Relations | |
| Bandwagon Arguments | p. 319 |
| The Bandwagon | p. 319 |
| p. 322 |
| p. 323 |
| p. 325 |
| p. 326 |
| p. 328 |
| Emotional Appeals | p. 331 |
| Appeal to Force | p. 331 |
| p. 335 |
| Well Poisoning | p. 336 |
| p. 338 |
| p. 340 |
| Misuse of Pity | p. 340 |
| p. 343 |
| p. 343 |
| p. 343 |
| Respect for Rational Self-determination | p. 344 |
| Irrelevant Appeals | p. 347 |
| Personal Attacks | p. 347 |
| p. 352 |
| p. 352 |
| Multiplying Wrongs | p. 352 |
| p. 354 |
| Appeal to Ignorance | p. 355 |
| p. 358 |
| Circular Reasoning | p. 358 |
| p. 360 |
| Sweeping Generalization | p. 361 |
| p. 363 |
| The Fallacy of Composition | p. 363 |
| p. 365 |
| The Fallacy of Division | p. 366 |
| p. 368 |
| p. 368 |
| Sophistical Arguments | p. 371 |
| Fallacies of Ambiguity | p. 371 |
| p. 372 |
| Lying versus Telling a Half-truth | p. 373 |
| p. 374 |
| Lifting Out of Context | p. 374 |
| p. 377 |
| p. 378 |
| News Slanting | p. 379 |
| p. 382 |
| Straw Man Fallacy | p. 383 |
| p. 384 |
| Appendix Venn Diagrams | p. 387 |
| Using Venn Diagrams to Test Validity of Standard Form Categorical Syllogisms | p. 387 |
| p. 393 |
| p. 394 |
| p. 394 |
| Index | p. 395 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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