**Each chapter begins with Learning Objectives; Chapters 3-16 conclude with a summary, "Focus on Ethics" sections, review questions, and key terms.**:
PART I: CRIME: PROBLEMS, MEASUREMENT, THEORIES, AND LAW
CHAPTER 1: CRIME AND THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Crime, Social Control, and Social Justice
What Is Crime?
Levels of Government
Local-level Criminal Justice:
State-level Criminal Justice:
Federal-level Criminal Justice:
The Criminal Justice Process
Crime as a Social Responsibility
The Family
Religion
Schools
The Media
The Institution of Last Resort
Individual vs. Societal Responsibility for Crime
The Approach of this Text
CHAPTER 2: THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF CRIME
The Nature and Measurement of Crime
Types of Crime
Street Crime
Corporate Crime and White-collar Crime
Offenses and Offenders
Violent Crime
Property Crime
Public-order Crime
Measurement of Crime
Uniform Crime Reports
National Incident-based Reporting System
National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report Studies
Perception of Crime
CHAPTER 3: THEORIES OF CRIME
Demonology
The Classical School of Criminology
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
The Positivist School of Criminology
Biological Theories of Crime
Phrenology and Other Outdated Ideas:
Biochemistry:
Biosocial Criminology:
Psychological Theories of Crime
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Behaviorism:
Observational Learning:
Cognitive Psychological Theory:
Psychopathy:
Sociological Theories of Crime
The Chicago School:
Differential Association Theory:
Strain Theory:
Social Control Theory:
Neutralization Theory:
Labeling Theory:
Critical Sociological Theories of Crime
Marxism:
Gender and Justice:
Critical Race Theory:
Integrated Theories of Crime
Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior:
Interactional Theory of Delinquency:
Control Balance Theory:
Life-course and Developmental Theories
Moffitt's Pathway Theory:
Laub and Sampson's Persistent-Offending and Desistance-from-Crime Theory:
CHAPTER 4: CRIMINAL LAW
The Development of Criminal Law
Early Legal Codes
The Magna Carta
Common Law
Sources of Law
Constitutions
Statutes
Case Law
Administrative Rules and Executive Orders
Types of Law
Criminal Law
Civil Law
Substantive Law
Procedural Law
Types of Crime
Felonies
Misdemeanors
Inchoate Offenses
Features of Crime
Actus Reus
Mens Rea
Concurrence
Strict Liability
Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Defense
My Client Did Not Do It
My Client Did It, but My Client Is Not Responsible
My Client Did It but Has a Good Excuse
My Client Did It but Should Be Acquitted Because the Police or the Prosecutor Cheated
My Client Did It but Was Influence by Outside Forces
PART II: ENFORCING THE LAW
CHAPTER 5: THE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
A Brief History of the Police
Police in Ancient Times
Policing in Early England
The Gin Effect:
Rise of Organized Policing:
Policing in the United States
The 19th Century:
The New York City Influence:
London and New York:
The Chicago Influence:
Vigilante Policing:
Introduction of Police Professionalism
The Wickersham Commission and August Vollmer:
Other Reformers:
The End of the 20th Century:
Modern Police Organization
Levels of Law Enforcement
Federal Level
The Federal Bureau of Investigation:
The Secret Service:
State Level
Local Level
Sheriff's Offices:
Requirements to Become a Police Officer:
Innovations in Policing
Innovations from Social and Technological Changes
Homeland Security:
Technological Change: Less-Than-Lethal Weapons:
Technological Change: Information Technology:
Innovations from Research
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment:
RAND Study of Detectives:
Innovations from New Ideas
DARE:
Project Ceasefire:
CHAPTER 6: POLICING AND THE LAW
Policing and the Law
What We Expect of the Police
How the Police Work
Watchman Style
Legalistic Style
Service Style
The Quasi-Military Nature of Police Organizations
What the Police Do
Patrol
Investigation
Traffic Enforcement
Peacemaking and Order Maintenance
The Rules the Police Follow
Patrol
Investigation
Traffic Enforcement
Peacemaking and Order Maintenance
Police Discretion
The Fourth Amendment
Search:
Special-needs Searches:
Seizures:
Stop-and-frisk:
Arrests:
Interrogations and Confessions:
CHAPTER 7: ISSUES IN POLICING
Challenges to Traditional Policing
Community Policing
Problem-oriented Policing
Zero-tolerance policing
Sex and Race
Women as Police Officers
Minorities as Police
Use of Force
SWAT Teams
Ruby Ridge, Idaho:
Waco, Texas:
Plainfield, New Hampshire:
Proactive Policing and Force
Stress and Burnout
Police and Alcohol
Family Problems and the Police
Police and Suicide
Dealing with the Stress of Policing
Police Subculture and Corruption
PART III: THE ROLE OF THE COURTS
CHAPTER 8: THE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF COURTS
Courts in History
Before Courts: The Blood Feud
Courts in England
Trial by Compurgation:
Trial by Ordeal:
Trial by Battle:
Development of the Jury
Grand Jury
The Jury Trial
The Magna Carta
Court of the Star Chamber
Courts in Colonial North America
The Changing Nature of the Court
Organization of Modern U.S. Courts
Nature of Jurisdiction
Subject-Matter Jurisdiction:
Geographic Jurisdiction:
Hierarchical Jurisdiction:
The Structure of the Federal Courts
U.S. Magistrate Courts:
U.S. District Courts:
U.S. Court of Appeals:
U.S. Supreme Court:
Specialized Federal Courts:
The Structure of State Courts
Juvenile Courts:
State Trial Courts:
State Intermediate Courts of Appeals:
State Supreme Courts:
Local Courts and Community Courts:
CHAPTER 9: WORKING IN THE COURTROOM
The Courtroom Work Group
The Participants
Law Enforcement:
Court Support Staff:
Corrections:
The Public:
The Prosecutor
The Prosecutor at Work:
Prosecution at the Federal Level:
Prosecution in State Courts:
The Defense Attorney
The Defense Attorney and the Courtroom Work Group:
The Best Defense: Private Attorney or Public Defender?:
The Judge
Judicial Selection: Executive Appointments:
Judicial Selection: Election of Judges:
Judicial Selection: Merit Selection:
Defendants, Victims, and Witnesses
Defendants:
Victims:
Witnesses:
Victim-witnesses Programs:
Pretrial Release Decisions
CHAPTER 10: THE DISPOSITION: PLEA BARGAINING, TRIAL, AND SENTENCING
Plea Bargaining
Other Benefits of Plea Bargaining
Should Plea Bargaining Be Abolished?
The Trial
The Pre-trial Phase
Opening Arguments
Presentation of Witnesses and Evidence
The Case Goes to the Jury
The Defense Doesn't Rest
Appeal
Rights and Wrongs in the Courthouse
"I Know My Rights"
Victims' Rights
Sentencing the Offender
Indeterminate Sentencing
Determinate Sentencing
Mandatory Minimum Sentences
PART IV: FROM PENOLOGY TO CORRECTIONS AND BACK
CHAPTER 11: THE HISTORY OF CONTROL AND PUNISHMENT
Before There Were Prisons
Corporal Punishment
Torture:
Flogging:
Branding:
Mutilation:
Humiliation:
Shock Death:
Economic Punishment
The Galley:
Workhouses:
Exile and Transportation:
Prisons in America
Control in the Colonies
Development of the Penitentiary: 1780-1860
The Pennsylvania System:
The Auburn System:
Age of Reform: 1860-1900
Alexander Maconochie:
Sir Walter Crofton:
Zebulon Brockway:
Prison Labor and Public Works: 1900-1930
Age of Rehabilitation: 1930-1970
Retributive Era: 1970s to the Present
Capital Punishment
Capital Punishment in Historical Perspective
Arguments Supporting Capital Punishment
Arguments against Capital Punishment
Is the Death Penalty Dead?
CHAPTER 12: CONTEMPORARY PRISON LIFE
Inmate Subculture
Prison Gangs
Supermax Prisons
Prison Riots and Violence
Attica Prison Riot:
New Mexico State Penitentiary Riot:
Women in Prison
A Short History of Women's Prisons
Life in Women's Prisons
Courts and the Prison
Eighth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process
Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection
Working in the Prison
Private Prisons
CHAPTER 13: CORRECTIONS IN THE COMMUNITY
Community Corrections in Context
Diversion
Probation
Probation Officers at Work
Investigation:
Supervision:
Service:
Private Probation
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Intermediate Sanctions
Intensive-supervision Probation
Drug Testing
House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring
Fines
Boot-camp Prisons
Shock Probation
Parole
When to Parole
Re-entry and "Making It"
Jails
PART V: PROBLEMS IN THE CROSSCURRENTS
CHAPTER 14: JUVENILE JUSTICE
Childhood and the Law
Youths in the Early United States
Houses of Refuge
The Juvenile Court
The Modern Juvenile Justice System
Who Enters the Juvenile Justice System?
Entering the Juvenile Justice System
Pre-hearing Detention:
Intake:
Diversion:
Determining Jurisdiction:
Adjudicatory Hearing:
Disposition:
Aftercare:
Issues in Juvenile Justice
Chronic Offenders
Gangs
Conditions of Youth Confinement
Juvenile Waiver: Treating Children as Adults
Zero Tolerance
The Future of Juvenile Justice
CHAPTER 15: VICTIMS OF CRIME AND VICTIMLESS CRIMES
Victims of Crime
Typologies of Crime Victims
Modern Theories of Victimization
Cultural Trappings:
Victim-precipitation Theory:
Victims in the Criminal Justice System
Types of Victims:
Victims' Rights and Assistance:
Victimless Crimes
Drug Use and Abuse
A Short History of Drug Use and Drug Laws in the United States:
The War on Drugs:
Law Enforcement and Drugs:
Drug Treatment, Decriminalization, and Legalization:
Sex Work
Prostitution:
Pornography:
CHAPTER 16: PRESENT AND EMERGING TRENDS: THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
War and Peace in the Criminal Justice System
The Wars on Crime and Drugs
The War on Terrorism
September 11, 2001:
The USA Patriot Act:
How Terrorism Is Changing the Criminal Justice System:
Peacemaking Criminology and Restorative Justice
Religious and Humanist Tradition
Feminist Tradition
Critical Traditions
The Peacemaking Pyramid
Nonviolence:
Social Justice:
Inclusion:
Correct Means:
Ascertainable Criteria:
Categorical Imperative:
Restorative Justice
