About the Editors xiii List of Contributors xvii
1 Introduction 1
Mohammad S. Obaidat and Sudip Misra
1.1 Major Features of the Book 4
1.2 Target Audience 4
1.3 Supplementary Resources 5
1.4 Acknowledgements 5
2 Fundamentals and Issues with Cooperation in Networking 7
Mohammad S. Obaidat and Tarik Guelzim
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Fundamentals of Cooperating Networks 7
2.2.1 Cooperative Adhoc Network Services 8
2.2.2 Cooperative Relaying Network Service 13
2.3 Issues and Security Flaws with Cooperating Networks:
Wireless Sensor Networks Case Study 15
2.3.1 Limitations in Mobile Ad hoc Networks 16
2.4 Conclusions 19
References 19
3 To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? That is the Question! 21
Mohamed H. Ahmed and Salama S. Ikki
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Overview of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 22
3.2.1 Relaying Techniques 22
3.2.2 Combining Techniques 23
3.2.3 Other Cooperating Techniques 24
3.3 Benefits of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 25
3.3.1 Signal-Quality Improvement 25
3.3.2 Reduced Power 28
3.3.3 Better Coverage 28
3.3.4 Capacity Gain 28
3.4 Major Challenges of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 28
3.4.1 Resources Over-Utilization 28
3.4.2 Additional Delay 29
3.4.3 Complexity 30
3.4.4 Unavailability of Cooperating Nodes 32
3.4.5 Security Threats 32
3.5 Discussion and Conclusion 32
References 33
4 Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 35
J. Barbancho, D. Cascado, J. L. Sevillano, C. Leon, A. Linares and F. J. Molina
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Why Could Cooperation in WAdSN be Useful? 36
4.2.1 Time Synchronization, Localization and Calibration 36
4.2.2 Routing 41
4.2.3 Data Aggregation and Fusion 43
4.3 Research Directions for Cooperation in WAdSN 45
4.3.1 Middleware for WAdSN 46
4.3.2 Multi-Agent Systems in WAdSN 48
4.3.3 Artificial Neural Networks in WAdSN 50
4.4 Final Remarks 53
4.5 Acknowledgements 53
References 53
5 Cooperation in Autonomous Vehicular Networks 57
Sidi Mohammed Senouci, Abderrahim Benslimane and Hassnaa Moustafa
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Overview on Vehicular Networks 58
5.3 Cooperation at Different OSI Layers 59
5.3.1 Cooperation at Lower Layers 59
5.3.2 Cooperation at Network Layer 60
5.3.3 Security and Authentication versus Cooperation 67
5.3.4 Cooperation at Upper Layers 69
5.4 Conclusion 73
References 73
6 Cooperative Overlay Networking for Streaming Media Content 77
F. Wang, J. Liu and K. Wu
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 Architectural Choices for Streaming Media Content over the Internet 78
6.2.1 Router-Based Architectures: IP Multicast 79
6.2.2 Architectures with Proxy Caching 80
6.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Architectures 81
6.3 Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming 82
6.3.1 Comparisons with Other Peer-to-Peer Applications 82
6.3.2 Design Issues 83
6.3.3 Approaches for Overlay Construction 83
6.4 Overview of mTreebone 85
6.4.1 Treebone: A Stable Tree-Based Backbone 85
6.4.2 Mesh: An Adaptive Auxiliary Overlay 86
6.5 Treebone Construction and Optimization 87
6.5.1 Optimal Stable Node Identification 87
6.5.2 Treebone Bootstrapping and Evolution 88
6.5.3 Treebone Optimization 89
6.6 Collaborative Mesh-Tree Data Delivery 91
6.6.1 Seamless Push/Pull Switching 91
6.6.2 Handling Host Dynamics 91
6.7 Performance Evaluation 92
6.7.1 Large-Scale Simulations 92
6.7.2 PlanetLab-Based Experiments 94
6.8 Conclusion and Future Work 98
References 98
7 Cooperation in DTN-Based Network Architectures 101
Vasco N. G. J. Soares and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Delay-Tolerant Networks 102
7.2.1 DTN Application Domains 103
7.2.2 Cooperation in Delay-Tolerant Networks 103
7.3 Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks 106
7.3.1 Cooperation in Vehicular-Delay Tolerant Networks 106
7.3.2 Performance Assessment of Node Cooperation 108
7.4 Conclusions 112
7.5 Acknowledgements 113
References 113
8 Access Selection and Cooperation in Ambient Networks 117
Ram´on Aguero
8.1 Leveraging the Cooperation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 117
8.2 The Ambient Networks Philosophy 118
8.2.1 Generic Link Layer 120
8.2.2 Management of Heterogeneous Wireless Resources 120
8.2.3 Additional Functional Entities 121
8.2.4 Multi-Access Functions and Procedures 122
8.3 Related Work 125
8.4 Outlook 125
8.4.1 Cognition 125
8.4.2 Mesh Topologies 127
8.5 Conclusions 127
References 128
9 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 133
Carol Fung and Raouf Boutaba
9.1 Overview of Network Intrusions 133
9.1.1 Single-Host Intrusion and Malware 133
9.1.2 Distributed Attacks and Botnets 134
9.1.3 Cooperative Attacks and Phishing 134
9.2 Intrusion Detection Systems 135
9.2.1 Signature-Based and Anomaly-Based IDSs 135
9.2.2 Host-Based and Network-Based IDSs 135
9.3 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 136
9.3.1 Cooperation Topology 136
9.3.2 Cooperation Scope 137
9.3.3 Specialization 137
9.3.4 Cooperation Technologies and Algorithms 137
9.3.5 Taxonomy 138
9.4 Selected Intrusion Detection Networks 139
9.4.1 Indra 139
9.4.2 DOMINO 139
9.4.3 DShield 140
9.4.4 NetShield 140
9.4.5 Gossip 141
9.4.6 Worminator 142
9.4.7 ABDIAS 142
9.4.8 CRIM 142
9.4.9 HBCIDS 143
9.4.10 ALPACAS 143
9.4.11 CDDHT 143
9.4.12 SmartScreen Filter 143
9.4.13 FFCIDN 144
9.5 Open Challenges and Future Directions 144
9.6 Conclusion 144
References 144
10 Cooperation Link Level Retransmission in Wireless Networks 147
Mehrdad Dianati, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen and Kshirasagar Naik
10.1 Introduction 147
10.2 Background 149
10.2.1 Modeling of Fading Channels 149
10.2.2 Automatic Repeat Request 152
10.3 System Model 154
10.4 Protocol Model 155
10.5 Node Cooperative SW Scheme 156
10.6 Performance Analysis 157
10.7 Delay Analysis 164
10.8 Verification of Analytical Models 168
10.8.1 Throughput 169
10.8.2 Average Delay and Delay Jitter 171
10.9 Discussion of the Related Works 172
10.10 Summary 174
10.11 Acknowledgement 174
References 175
11 Cooperative Inter-Node and Inter-Layer Optimization of Network Protocols 177
D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli and N. L. S. da Fonseca
11.1 Introduction 177
11.2 A Framework for Cooperative Configuration and Optimization 178
11.2.1 Tuning TCP/IP Parameters 178
11.2.2 Cooperative Optimization Architecture 179
11.3 Cooperative Optimization Design 181
11.3.1 Inter-Layer Cooperative Optimization 181
11.3.2 Inter-Node Cooperative Optimization 183
11.4 A Test Case: TCP Optimization Using a Cooperative Framework 184
11.4.1 Implementation 184
11.4.2 Inter-Layer Cognitive Optimization 186
11.4.3 Inter-Node Cognitive Optimization 187
11.5 Conclusions 189
References 189
12 Cooperative Network Coding 191
H. Rashvand, C. Khirallah, V. Stankovic and L. Stankovic
12.1 Introduction 191
12.2 Network Coding Concept 192
12.2.1 Example 192
12.3 Cooperative Relay 195
12.4 Cooperation Strategies 196
12.4.1 Performance Measures 197
12.5 Cooperative Network Coding 206
12.6 Conclusions 214
References 214
13 Cooperative Caching for Chip Multiprocessors 217
J. Chang, E. Herrero, R. Canal and G. Sohi
13.1 Caching and Chip Multiprocessors 217
13.1.1 Caching Background 217
13.1.2 CMP (Chip Multiprocessor) 218
13.1.3 CMP Caching Challenges 218
13.2 Cooperative Caching and CMP Caching 220
13.2.1 Motivation for Cooperative Caching 220
13.2.2 The Unique Aspects of Cooperative Caching 220
13.2.3 CMP Cache Partitioning Schemes 225
13.2.4 A Taxonomy of CMP Caching Techniques 226
13.3 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 226
13.3.1 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 227
13.3.2 CC Mechanisms 229
13.3.3 CC Implementations 234
13.3.4 CC for Large Scale CMPs 241
13.3.5 Distributed Cooperative Caching 243
13.3.6 Summary 249
13.4 CMP Cooperative Caching Applications 251
13.4.1 CMP Cooperative Caching for Latency Reduction 252
13.4.2 CMP Cooperative Caching for Adaptive Repartitioning 259
13.4.3 CMP Cooperative Caching for Performance Isolation 262
13.5 Summary 269
References 270
14 Market-Oriented Resource Management and Scheduling: A Taxonomy and Survey 277
Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya
14.1 Introduction 277
14.2 Overview of Utility Grids and Preliminaries 277
14.3 Requirements 279
14.3.1 Consumer Side Requirements 279
14.3.2 Resource Provider Side Requirements 280
14.3.3 Market Exchange Requirements 280
14.4 Utility Grid Infrastructural Components 282
14.5 Taxonomy of Market-Oriented Scheduling 283
14.5.1 Market Model 284
14.5.2 Allocation Decision 288
14.5.3 Participant Focus 288
14.5.4 Application Type 288
14.5.5 Allocation Objective 289
14.6 Survey of Grid Resource Management Systems 289
14.6.1 Survey of Market-Oriented Systems 289
14.6.2 System-Oriented Schedulers 296
14.7 Discussion and Gap Analysis 300
14.7.1 Scheduling Mechanisms 300
14.7.2 Market Based Systems 301
14.8 Summary 302
References 303
Glossary 307
Index 319
