Contextual Approach to Quantum Formalism

Part I: Quantum and Classical Probability Chapter 1: Quantum Mechanics: Postulates and Interpretations 1.1 Quantum Mechanics 1.1.1 Mathematical Basis 1.1.2 Postulates 1.2 Projection Postulate, Collapse of Wave Function, Schr"odinger's Cat 1.2.1 Von Neumann's Projection Postulate 1.2.2 Collapse of Wave Function 1.2.3 Schr"odinger's Cat 1.2.4 L"uders Projection Postulate 1.3 Statistical Mixtures 1.4 Von Neumann's and L"uders' Postulates for Mixed States 1.5 Conditional Probability 1.6 Derivation of Interference of Probabilities Chapter 2: Classical Probability Theories 2.1 Kolmogorov Measure-Theoretic Model 2.1.1 Formalism 2.1.2 Discussion 2.2 Von Mises Frequency Model 2.2.1 Collective (Random Sequence) 2.2.2 Difficulties with Definition of Randomness 2.2.3 $S$-sequences 2.2.4 Operations for Collectives 2.3 Combining and Independence of Collectives Part I I: Contextual Probability and Quantum-Like Models Chapter 1: Contextual Probability and Interference 1.1 V"axj"o model: Contextual Probability 1.1.1 Contexts 1.1.2 Observables 1.1.3 Contextual Probability Space and Model 1.1.4 V"axj"o Models Induced by the Kolmogorov Model 1.1.5 V"axj"o Models Induced by QM 1.1.6 V"axj"o Models Induced by the von Mises Model 1.2 Contextual Probabilistic Description of Double Slit Experiment 1.3 Formula of Total Probability and Measures of Supplementarity 1.4 Supplementary Observables 1.5 Principle of Supplementarity 1.6 Supplementarity and Kolmogorovness 1.6.1 Double Stochasticity as the Law of Probabilistic Balance 1.6.2 Probabilistically Balanced Observables 1.6.3 Symmetrically Conditioned Observables 1.7 Incompatibility, Supplementarity and Existence of Joint Probability Distribution 1.7.1 Joint Probability Distribution 1.7.2 Incompatible and Supplementary Observables 1.7.3 Compatibility and Probabilistic Compatibility 1.8 Interpretational Questions 1.8.1 Contextuality 1.8.2 Realism 1.9 Historical Remark: Comparing with Mackey's Model 1.10 Subjective and Contextual Probabilities in Quantum Theory Chapter 2: Quantum-Like Representation of Contextual Probabilistic Model 2.1 Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, and Hyper-Trigonometric Contexts 2.2 Quantum-Like Representation Algorithm -- QLRA 2.2.1 Probabilistic Data about Context 2.2.2 Construction of Complex Probabilistic Amplitudes 2.3 Hilbert Space Representation of $b$-Observable 2.3.1 Born's Rule 2.3.2 Fundamental Physical Observable: Views of De Broglie and Bohm 2.3.3 $b$-Observable as Multiplication Operator 2.3.4 Interference 2.4 Hilbert Space Representation of $a$-Observable 2.4.1 Conventional Quantum and Quantum-Like Representations 2.4.2 $a$-Basis from Interference 2.4.3 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Born's Rule 2.4.4 Choice of Probabilistic Phases 2.4.5 Contextual Dependence of $a$-Basis 2.4.6 Existence of Quantum-Like Representation with Born's Rule for Both Reference Observables 2.4.7 "Pathologies" 2.5 Properties of Mapping of Trigonometric Contexts into Complex Amplitudes 2.5.1 Classical-Like Contexts 2.5.2 Non Injectivity of Representation Map 2.6 Non-Double Stochastic Matrix: Quantum-Like Representations 2.7 Noncommutativity of Operators Representing Observables 2.8 Symmetrically Conditioned Observables 2.8.1 $b$-Selections are Trigonometric Contexts 2.8.2 Extension of Representation Map 2.9 Formalization of the Notion of Quantum-Like Representation 2.10 Domain of Application of Quantum-Like Representation Algorithm Chapter 3: Ensemble Representation of Contextual Statistical Model 3.1 Systems and Contexts 3.2 Interference of Probabilities: Ensemble Derivation 3.3 Classical and Nonclassical Probabilistic Behaviors 3.3.1 Classical Probabilistic Behavior 3.3.2 Quantum Probabilistic Behavior 3.3.3 Neither Classical nor Quantum Probabilistic Behavior 3.4 Hyperbolic probabilistic behavior Chapter 4: Latent Quantum-Like Structure in the Kolmogorov Model 4.1 Contextual Model with "Continuous Observables" 4.1.1 Measure-Theoretic Representation of V"axj"o Model 4.2 Measure-Theoretic Derivation of Interference 4.3 Quantum-Like Representation of Kolmogorov Model 4.4 Example of Quantum-Like Representation of Contextual Kolmogorovian Model 4.4.1 Contextual Kolmogorovian Probability Model 4.4.2 Quantum-Like Representation 4.5 Features of Quantum-Like Representation of Contextual Kolmogorovian Model 4.6 Dispersion-Free States 4.7 Complex Amplitudes of Probabilities: Multi-Valued Variables Chapter 5: Interference of Probabilities from Law of Large Numbers 5.1 Kolmogorovian Description of Quantum Measurements 5.2 Limit Theorems and Formula of Total Probability with Interference Term Part III: Bell's Inequality Chapter 1: Probabilistic Analysis of Bell's Argument 1.1 Measure-Theoretic Derivations of Bell-Type Inequalities 1.1.1 Bell's Inequality 1.1.2 Wigner's Inequality 1.1.3 Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt's Inequality 1.2 Correspondence between Classical and Quantum Statistical Models 1.3 Von Neumann Postulates on Classical$to $ Quantum Correspondence 1.4 Bell-Type No-Go Theorems 1.5 Range of Values ("Spectral") Postulate 1.6 Contextuality 1.6.1 Non-Injectivity of Classical $to $ Quantum Correspondence 1.6.2 Bell's Inequality and Experiment 1.7 Bell-Contextuality and Action at Distance Chapter 2 : Bell Inequality for Conditional Probabilities 2.1 Measure-Theoretic Probability Models 2.1.1 Conventional Probability Model and Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.1.2 Bell's Probability Model and Classical Statistical Mechanics 2.1.3 Confronting Bell's Classical Probabilistic Model and Quantum Mechanics 2.2 Wigner-Type Inequality for Conditional Probabilities 2.3 Impossibility of Classical Probabilistic description of Spin Projections of Single Electron Chapter 3: Frequency Probabilistic Analysis of Bell-type Considerations 3.1 Frequency Probabilistic Description of Models with Hidden Variables for EPR-Bohm Experiment 3.2 Bell Locality (Bell-Clauser-Horne Factoribility) Condition 3.3 Chaos of Hidden Variables does not Contradict to Stabilization of Frequencies for Macro-Observables 3.4 Fluctuating Distributions of Hidden Variables 3.5 Generalized Bell's Inequality 3.6 Transmission of Information with the Aid of Dependent Collectives Chapter 4: Local Realistic Representation for Correlations in the EPR-experiment for Position and Momentum 4.1 Space and Arguments of Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, and Bell 4.1.1 Bell's Local Realism 4.1.2 Einstein's Local Realism 4.1.3 Local Realist Representation for Quantum Spin Correlations 4.1.4 EPR versus Bohm and Bell 4.2 Bell's Theorem and Ranges of Values of Observables 4.3 Correlation Functions in EPR Model 4.4 Space-Time Dependence of Correlation Functions and Disentanglement 4.4.1 Modified Bell's Equation 4.4.2 Disentanglement 4.5 Role of Space-Time in EPR Argument Part IV: Interrelation between Classical and Quantum Probabilities Chapter 1: Discrete Time Dynamics 1.1 Discrete Time in Newton's Equations 1.2 Diffraction Pattern in a Single Slit Scattering 1.3 Interference in the Two Slit Experiment for Deterministic Particles 1.4 Physical Interpretation of Results of Computer Simulation 1.5 Discrete Time Dynamics 1.6 Motion in Central Potential 1.7 Energy Levels of Hydrogen Atom 1.8 Spectrum of Harmonic Oscillator 1.9 General Case of Arbitrary Spectrum 1.10 Energy Spectrum in Various Potentials 1.11 Discussion and Conclusion Chapter 2: Noncommutative Probability in Classical Disordered Systems 2.1 Noncommutative Probability and Time Averaging 2.2 Noncommutative Probability and Disordered Systems Chapter 3: Derivation of Schr"odinger's Equation in the Contextual Probabilistic Framework 3.1 Representation of Contextual Probabilistic Dynamics in the Complex Hilbert Space 3.2 Characterization of Schr"odinger Dynamics through Dynamics of the Coefficients of Supplementarity Part V Hyperbolic Quantum Mechanics 297 Chapter 1: Representation of Contextual Statistical Model by Hyperbolic Amplitudes 1.1 Hyperbolic Algebra 1.2 Hyperbolic Version of Quantum-like Representation Algorithm 1.2.1 Hyperbolic Probability Amplitude, Hyperbolic Born's Rule 1.2.2 Hyperbolic Hilbert Space 1.2.3 Hyperbolic Hilbert Space Representation 1.3 Hyperbolic Quantization 1.4 Experimental Verification of Hyperbolic Quantum Mechanics Chapter 2: Hyperbolic Quantum Mechanics as Deformation of Conventional Classical Mechanics 2.1 On the Classical Limit of Hyperbolic Quantum Mechanics 2.2 Ultra-distributions and Pseudo-differential Operators over the Hyperbolic Algebra 2.3 The Classical Limit of the Hyperbolic Quantum Field Theory 2.4 Hyperbolic Fermions and Hyperbolic Supersymmetry References