| Preface | p. v |
| Cities and Nature | p. 2 |
| Human population increased sixfold over the last century | p. 4 |
| Water, warmth, and light make plants grow | p. 6 |
| High evapotranspiration promotes biodiversity | p. 8 |
| Humans exceed the natural population density for their body size | p. 10 |
| The last century brought increased agricultural efficiency | p. 12 |
| Fossil-fuel-based nitrogen production increased crop yields | p. 14 |
| Urban land use grew as small farms disappeared | p. 16 |
| Cities change ecological communities | p. 18 |
| Agricultural and urban land use reduce streamwater quality | p. 20 |
| Impervious surfaces in urbanized watersheds hurt organisms | p. 22 |
| Durham rainfall exceeds regulated basin sizes | p. 24 |
| Reservoirs reduce sediments while providing water | p. 26 |
| Shading and Cooling in City Climates | p. 28 |
| Low vegetation correlates with high temperature in Durham | p. 30 |
| Low vegetation correlates with high temperature in Indianapolis | p. 32 |
| Low temperature correlates with high vegetation | p. 34 |
| Urban heat islands spawn thunderstorms | p. 36 |
| Cities change rainfall patterns | p. 38 |
| Lightning strikes reflect urban weather changes | p. 40 |
| Cities grow warmer | p. 42 |
| Closed-in urban areas have higher heat islands | p. 44 |
| The urban heat island may be weak while Earth warms | p. 46 |
| Equal heat contained in air, a sprinkling of water, and an asphalt road | p. 48 |
| Whiter surfaces are cooler | p. 50 |
| Parking lot trees could provide shade | p. 52 |
| Big trees could provide lots of shade | p. 54 |
| Bigger and younger trees transpire more water | p. 56 |
| Trees near asphalt stop transpiring early in the day | p. 58 |
| Evapotranspiration is high from watersheds and lawns | p. 60 |
| New developments can plan for shade | p. 62 |
| Paving and grass can be combined | p. 64 |
| Energy Use and Carbon Budgets | p. 66 |
| U.S. energy sources have changed | p. 68 |
| States vary in their gasoline and electricity use | p. 70 |
| Per capita energy use depends on a state's population density | p. 72 |
| Economic productivity correlates with energy use | p. 74 |
| Photosynthesis links carbon, water, nitrogen, and sunlight | p. 76 |
| Atmospheric CO2 increased with human emissions | p. 78 |
| Global warming changes nature | p. 80 |
| Species have different features in urban and rural environments | p. 82 |
| Soils contribute to carbon budgets | p. 84 |
| Vegetation stores and sequesters carbon | p. 86 |
| Urban pruning can be very intensive | p. 88 |
| Carbon costs of landscaping machines are high | p. 90 |
| Durham citizens export their carbon sequestration | p. 92 |
| Trees and white paint reduce energy consumption | p. 94 |
| Trees help small houses keep cool and break even for heating | p. 96 |
| Wood has low energy content | p. 98 |
| Durham citizens use more energy than local forests can provide | p. 100 |
| Emissions and Urban Air | p. 102 |
| Human sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are high | p. 104 |
| Fossil-fuel use produces many pollutants | p. 106 |
| Trees produce VOCs | p. 108 |
| VOCs produced by trees vary across the contiguous United States | p. 110 |
| Trees produce more VOCs in bright light and high heat | p. 112 |
| VOC sources vary in place and time | p. 114 |
| VOCs, reactive nitrogen, and sunlight lead to ground-level ozone | p. 116 |
| Large pollution inputs lead to high downwind ozone levels later | p. 118 |
| Ozone production and levels have a complicated emissions dependence | p. 120 |
| High ozone levels seen Wednesday through Saturday, March through September | p. 122 |
| Ozone in rural areas increases with temperature and nitrogen | p. 124 |
| When it's hot, urban ozone levels exceed regulatory allowances | p. 126 |
| High ozone levels harm vegetation | p. 128 |
| Air pollution varies greatly in space and time | p. 130 |
| Social Aspects of Urban Nature | p. 132 |
| What's the value of Chickpea? | p. 134 |
| S.A. Forbes (1880) estimates the value of birds | p. 136 |
| Trees make satisfying neighborhoods | p. 138 |
| People like neat trees, not messy forests | p. 140 |
| Park features involving scenic beauty and perceived security | p. 142 |
| Underbrush was bad as far back as 1285 | p. 144 |
| About 10 out of 10 people prefer malls | p. 146 |
| Varying tree cover in Chicago public housing | p. 148 |
| Reduced vegetation correlates with higher crime | p. 150 |
| Girls' self-discipline develops better with nature | p. 152 |
| Nature promotes emotional and physical health | p. 154 |
| Trees promote bird and plant species richness | p. 156 |
| Human Health and Urban Inequities | p. 158 |
| Heat waves lead to deaths a few days later | p. 160 |
| Particulate matter is bad for older people | p. 162 |
| High ozone and SO2 levels predict high asthma hospitalizations | p. 164 |
| Asthma incidence and pollution aren't tightly correlated through time | p. 166 |
| Though cities differ, heat kills people in July and August | p. 168 |
| Air conditioning reduces heat-related mortality | p. 170 |
| Many people die in winter (accounting for age, race, and gender) | p. 172 |
| Lower income, fewer trees, and higher temperatures go together in Durham | p. 174 |
| Wealth, homeownership, and trees connect in Milwaukee, Wisconsin | p. 176 |
| Wealth, education, and vegetation correlate in Baltimore, Maryland | p. 178 |
| Parks, trees, and plants come with wealth | p. 180 |
| Minority populations have worse air, income, and asthma | p. 182 |
| Healthier neighborhoods are usually wealthier neighborhoods | p. 184 |
| Income helps education and increases life expectancy | p. 186 |
| Summary and Implications | p. 188 |
| Appendix: Graphical Intuitions | p. 195 |
| Three equivalent data representations | p. 196 |
| Graphing visual correlations | p. 198 |
| Importance versus significance | p. 200 |
| Plotting transformed data | p. 202 |
| Quantities covary | p. 204 |
| Sample sizes and measures of variation | p. 206 |
| Notes | p. 208 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Index | p. 260 |
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