Compiling Natural Semantics : Lecture Notes in Computer Science - Mikael Pettersson

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Compiling Natural Semantics

By: Mikael Pettersson (Editor)

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Paperback | 5 May 1999

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264 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.27

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Natural Semantics has become a popular tool among programming language researchers for specifying many aspects of programming languages. However, due to the lack of practical tools for implementation, the natural semantics formalism has so far largely been limited to theoretical applications.
This book introduces the rational meta-language RML as a practical language for natural semantics specifications. The main part of the work is devoted to the problem of compiling natural semantics, actually RML, into highly efficient code. For this purpose, an effective compilation strategy for RML is developed and implemented in the rml2c compiler. This compiler ultimately produces low-level C code. Benchmarking results show that rml2c-produced code is much faster than code resulting from compilers based on alternative implementation approaches.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Linguistics Semantics & Discourse Analysis Computing & I.T.Computer Programming & Software Development Programming & Scripting Languages Computer Science Artificial Intelligence Natural Language & Machine Translation Compilers & Interpreters Medicine

Medicine in General Computer Architecture & Logic Design Audio Processing

Introduction	p. 1
The Problem	p. 1
Our Solution	p. 2
Overview of this Thesis	p. 2
Relation to our Previous Work	p. 3
Preliminaries	p. 5
Use of Formal Specifications	p. 5
Why Generate Compilers?	p. 6
Ways to Specify Semantics	p. 6
Interpreters	p. 6
Abstract Machines	p. 7
Attribute Grammars	p. 7
Donotational Semantics	p. 8
Action Semantics	p. 9
Evolving Algebras	p. 10
Structural Operational Semantics	p. 10
Natural Semantics	p. 11
Natural Deduction	p. 11
Relation to Programming Languages	p. 12
Example	p. 12
Meaning	p. 13
Pragmatics	p. 14
Recent Extensions	p. 15
The Design of RML	p. 17
Syntax	p. 18
Static Semantics	p. 20
Bindings and Unknowns	p. 21
Technicalities	p. 21
Modelling Backtracking	p. 22
Intuition	p. 22
Origins	p. 24
Denotational Semantics of Backtracking	p. 25
Deter minacy	p. 30
History	p. 31
Static Semantics	p. 31
Dynamic Semantics	p. 32
Differences from SML	p. 32
Examples	p. 35
A Small Example	p. 35
Abstract Syntax	p. 35
Inference Rules	p. 36
Operational Interpretation	p. 36
Mini-Freja	p. 37
Abstract Syntax	p. 37
Values	p. 38
Environments	p. 38
Evaluation	p. 39
Modularity	p. 41
Adding Recursion	p. 42
Summary	p. 44
Diesel	p. 44
Static Elaboration	p. 44
Flattening	p. 45
Emitting Code	p. 46
C Glue	p. 46
Summary	p. 46
Petrol	p. 47
Summary	p. 47
Mini-ML	p. 47
Rémy-Style let-Polymorphism	p. 48
Equality Types	p. 50
Wright's Simple Imperative Polymorphism	p. 50
Overloading	p. 51
Specification Fragments	p. 53
Summary	p. 55
Problematic Issues	p. 55
Environments	p. 55
Default Rules	p. 55
Summary	p. 56
Implementation Overview	p. 57
Compilation Strategy	p. 57
Development	p. 58
Alternatives	p. 59
Prolog	p. 59
Warren's Abstract Machine	p. 59
Attribute Grammars	p. 60
SML	p. 60
Implementation Status	p. 60
Reducing Nondeterminism	p. 63
Background	p. 64
Grammars	p. 64
FOL Representation	p. 65
The Front-End	p. 66
The FOL-TRS Rewriting System	p. 67
Properties	p. 70
Termination	p. 70
Confluence	p. 73
Alternatives for Rewriting Negations	p. 74
Examples	p. 75
append	p. 75
lookup	p. 76
Missed Conditionals	p. 78
Implementation Notes	p. 81
Implementation Complexity	p. 82
Limitations	p. 83
Related Work	p. 84
Compiling Pattern Matching	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
What is Matching?	p. 85
Compiling Term Matching	p. 86
Troublesome Examples	p. 87
Copied Expressions	p. 88
Repeated and Sub-Optimal Tests	p. 89
Intuitive Operation	p. 89
Preliminaries	p. 91
Objects	p. 92
Operations	p. 93
The Algorithm	p. 95
Step 1: Preprocessing	p. 95
Step 2: Generating the DFA	p. 96
Step 3: Merging of Equivalent States	p. 97
Step 4: Generating Intermediate Code	p. 97
The Examples Revisited	p. 98
The demo Function	p. 98
The unwieldy Function	p. 100
State Merging	p. 102
Implementation Notes	p. 105
Data Representation	p. 105
Compile-Time Warnings	p. 105
Matching Exceptions	p. 106
Guarded Patterns	p. 106
Related Work	p. 107
Modifications for RML	p. 108
Experiences and Conclusions	p. 109
Compiling Continuations	p. 111
Properties of CPS	p. 111
Translating RML to CPS	p. 113
Data Representation	p. 113
Local Optimizations on CPS	p. 116
Translating CPS to Code	p. 116
Control	p. 116
Copy Propagation	p. 120
Memory Allocation	p. 120
Data	p. 121
Translating Code to C	p. 121
Data Representation	p. 122
Memory Management	p. 122
A Code Generation Example	p. 123
Simulating Tailcalls in C	p. 127
The Problem	p. 127
Overview	p. 128
Why is C not Tail-Recursive?	p. 129
Why do not Prototypes Help?	p. 130
ANDF	p. 130
Preliminaries	p. 130
Tailcall Classification	p. 133
Plain Dispatching Labels	p. 133
Alternative Access Methods for Globals	p. 135
The Monster Switch	p. 136
Dispatching Switches	p. 138
Step 1: Fast Known Intramodule Calls	p. 138
Step 2: Recognizing Unknown Intramodule Calls	p. 139
Step 3: Fast Unknown Intramodule Calls	p. 140
Additional Benefits	p. 144
Pushy Labels	p. 144
Pushy Labels and Register Windows	p. 147
The `Warped Gotos' Technique	p. 148
The wamcc Approach	p. 150
Non-Solutions	p. 151
Experimental Results	p. 152
Conclusions	p. 152
Performance Evaluation	p. 153
Target Systems	p. 153
Overview	p. 154
Allocation Arena Size	p. 155
State Access Methods	p. 163
Compiler Optimizations	p. 163
Facing the Opposition	p. 166
Mini-Freja	p. 166
Petrol	p. 167
Conclusions	p. 168
Concluding Remarks	p. 169
Summary	p. 169
Future Work	p. 170
Default Rules	p. 170
Programming Sub-Language	p. 171
Taming Side-Effects	p. 171
Moded Types	p. 171
Linear Types	p. 171
Compile to SML	p. 172
Tuning the Runtime Systems	p. 172
User-Friendliness	p. 172
The Definition of RML	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Differences to SML	p. 173
Notation for Natural Semantics	p. 175
Lexical Definitions	p. 175
Syntax Definitions	p. 175
Sets	p. 176
Tuples	p. 176
Finite Sequences	p. 176
Finite Maps	p. 176
Substitutions	p. 177
Disjoint Unions	p. 177
Relations	p. 177
Example	p. 178
Lexical Structure	p. 180
Reserved Words	p. 180
Integer Constants	p. 180
Real Constants	p. 180
Character Constants	p. 180
String Constants	p. 180
Identifiers	p. 181
Type Variables	p. 181
Whitespace and Comments	p. 181
Lexical Analysis	p. 181
Syntactic Structure	p. 183
Derived Forms, Full and Core Grammar	p. 183
Ambiguity	p. 183
Static Semantics	p. 190
Simple Objects	p. 190
Compound Objects	p. 190
Initial Static Environments	p. 191
Inference Rules	p. 191
Dynamic Semantics	p. 201
Simple Objects	p. 201
Compound Objects	p. 201
Initial Dynamic Objects	p. 202
Inference Rides	p. 202
Initial Objects	p. 211
Initial Static Objects	p. 211
Initial Dynamic Objects	p. 211
Bibliography	p. 223
Index	p. 239
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Compiling Natural Semantics

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