| Preface | p. xi |
| The need for compact blue-green lasers | p. 1 |
| A short historical overview | p. 1 |
| Applications for compact blue-green lasers | p. 3 |
| Optical data storage | p. 3 |
| Reprographics | p. 5 |
| Color displays | p. 6 |
| Submarine communications | p. 8 |
| Spectroscopic applications | p. 12 |
| Biotechnology | p. 14 |
| Blue-green and beyond | p. 17 |
| References | p. 17 |
| Blue-green lasers based on nonlinear frequency conversion | p. 20 |
| Fundamentals of nonlinear frequency upconversion | p. 20 |
| Introduction | p. 20 |
| Basic principles of SHG and SFG | p. 21 |
| The nature of the nonlinear polarization | p. 21 |
| Frequencies of the induced polarization | p. 23 |
| The d coefficient | p. 28 |
| The generated wave | p. 30 |
| SHG with monochromatic waves | p. 34 |
| Multi-longitudinal mode sources | p. 34 |
| Pump depletion | p. 38 |
| Spatial confinement | p. 43 |
| Boyd-Kleinman analysis for SHG with circular gaussian beams | p. 43 |
| Guided-wave SHG | p. 51 |
| Phasematching | p. 56 |
| Introduction | p. 56 |
| Birefringent phasematching | p. 57 |
| Quasi-phasematching (QPM) | p. 71 |
| Waveguide phasematching | p. 90 |
| Other phasematching techniques | p. 97 |
| Summary | p. 101 |
| Materials for nonlinear generation of blue-green light | p. 101 |
| Introduction | p. 101 |
| Lithium niobate (LN) | p. 101 |
| Lithium tantalate (LT) | p. 108 |
| Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) | p. 110 |
| Rubidium titanyl arsenate (RTA) | p. 115 |
| Other KTP isomorphs | p. 119 |
| Potassium niobate (KN) | p. 119 |
| Potassium lithium niobate (KLN) | p. 121 |
| Lithium iodate | p. 123 |
| Beta barium borate (BBO) and lithium borate (LBO) | p. 124 |
| Other materials | p. 126 |
| Summary | p. 130 |
| References | p. 130 |
| Single-pass SHG and SFG | p. 149 |
| Introduction | p. 149 |
| Direct single-pass SHG of diode lasers | p. 151 |
| Early experiments with gain-guided lasers | p. 151 |
| Early experiments with index-guided lasers | p. 154 |
| High-power index-guided narrow-stripe lasers | p. 156 |
| Multiple-stripe arrays | p. 157 |
| Broad-area lasers | p. 160 |
| Master oscillator-power amplifier (MOPA) configurations | p. 161 |
| Angled-grating distributed feedback (DFB) lasers | p. 169 |
| Single-pass SHG of diode-pumped solid-state lasers | p. 170 |
| Frequency-doubling of 1064-nm Nd:YAG lasers | p. 177 |
| Frequency-doubling of 946-nm Nd:YAG lasers | p. 177 |
| Sum-frequency mixing | p. 178 |
| Summary | p. 178 |
| References | p. 179 |
| Resonator-enhanced SHG and SFG | p. 183 |
| Introduction | p. 183 |
| Theory of resonator enhancement | p. 187 |
| The impact of loss | p. 189 |
| Impedance matching | p. 191 |
| Frequency matching | p. 193 |
| Approaches to frequency locking | p. 194 |
| Mode matching | p. 207 |
| Other considerations | p. 213 |
| Temperature locking | p. 213 |
| Modulation | p. 214 |
| Bireflection in monolithic ring resonators | p. 215 |
| Summary | p. 220 |
| References | p. 220 |
| Intracavity SHG and SFG | p. 223 |
| Introduction | p. 223 |
| Theory of intracavity SHG | p. 224 |
| The "green problem" | p. 229 |
| The problem itself | p. 229 |
| Solutions to the "green problem" | p. 231 |
| Single-mode operation | p. 235 |
| Blue lasers based on intracavity SHG of 946-nm Nd:YAG lasers | p. 245 |
| Intracavity SHG of Cr:LiSAF lasers | p. 249 |
| Self-frequency-doubling | p. 250 |
| Nd:LN | p. 251 |
| NYAB | p. 252 |
| Periodically-poled materials | p. 253 |
| Other materials | p. 253 |
| Intracavity sum-frequency mixing | p. 253 |
| Summary | p. 255 |
| References | p. 256 |
| Guided-wave SHG | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Fabrication issues | p. 264 |
| Integration issues | p. 269 |
| Feedback and frequency stability | p. 270 |
| Polarization compatibility | p. 276 |
| Coupling | p. 282 |
| Control of the phasematching condition | p. 283 |
| Extrinsic efficiency enhancement | p. 284 |
| Summary | p. 286 |
| References | p. 287 |
| Upconversion lasers: Physics and devices | p. 292 |
| Essentials of upconversion laser physics | p. 292 |
| Introduction to upconversion lasers and rare-earth optical physics | p. 292 |
| Overview of rare-earth spectroscopy | p. 295 |
| Qualitative features of rare-earth spectroscopy | p. 296 |
| Elements of atomic structure | p. 303 |
| The effective central potential | p. 303 |
| Electronic structure of the free rare-earth ions | p. 306 |
| The Judd-Ofelt expression for optical intensities | p. 324 |
| Basic formulation | p. 325 |
| The Judd-Ofelt expression for the oscillator strength | p. 329 |
| Selection rules for electric dipole transitions | p. 336 |
| Nonradiative relaxation | p. 338 |
| Radiationless energy transfer | p. 341 |
| Mechanisms of upconversion | p. 345 |
| Resonant multi-photon absorption | p. 345 |
| Cooperative upconversion | p. 348 |
| Rate equation formulation of upconversion by radiationless energy transfer | p. 357 |
| The photon avalanche | p. 360 |
| Essentials of laser physics | p. 363 |
| Qualitative picture | p. 364 |
| Rate equations for continuous-wave amplification and laser oscillation | p. 365 |
| Summary | p. 382 |
| References | p. 383 |
| Upconversion lasers | p. 385 |
| Historical introduction | p. 385 |
| Bulk upconversion lasers | p. 397 |
| Upconversion pumped Er[superscript 3+] infrared lasers | p. 398 |
| Er[superscript 3+] visible upconversion lasers | p. 410 |
| Tm[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers | p. 420 |
| Pr[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers | p. 424 |
| Nd[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers | p. 425 |
| Upconversion fiber lasers | p. 427 |
| Er[superscript 3+] fiber lasers; [superscript 4]S[subscript 3/2] to [superscript 4]I[subscript 15/2] transition at 556 nm | p. 433 |
| Tm[superscript 3+] fiber lasers | p. 436 |
| Pr[superscript 3+] fiber lasers | p. 445 |
| Ho[superscript 3+] fiber lasers, [superscript 5]S[subscript 2] to [superscript 5]I[subscript 8] transition at [similar]550 nm | p. 455 |
| Nd[superscript 3+] fiber lasers | p. 457 |
| Prospects | p. 458 |
| References | p. 460 |
| Blue-green semiconductor lasers | p. 468 |
| Introduction to blue-green semiconductor lasers | p. 468 |
| Overview | p. 468 |
| Overview of physical properties of wide-bandgap semiconductors | p. 470 |
| Lattice matching | p. 470 |
| Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) | p. 472 |
| Basic physical parameters | p. 474 |
| Doping in wide-gap semiconductors | p. 475 |
| Ohmic contacts for p-type wide-gap semiconductors | p. 478 |
| Ohmic contacts to p-AlGaInN | p. 479 |
| New approaches to p-contacts | p. 481 |
| Ohmic contacts to p-ZnSe: bandstructure engineering | p. 482 |
| Summary | p. 484 |
| References | p. 484 |
| Device design, performance, and physics of optical gain of the InGaN QW violet diode lasers | p. 487 |
| Overview of blue and green diode laser device issues | p. 487 |
| The InGaN MQW violet diode laser: Design and performance | p. 488 |
| Layered design and epitaxial growth | p. 488 |
| Diode laser fabrication and performance | p. 496 |
| Physics of optical gain in the InGaN MQW diode laser | p. 501 |
| On the electronic microstructure of InGaN QWs | p. 506 |
| Excitonic contributions in green-blue ZnSe-based QW diode lasers | p. 509 |
| Summary | p. 513 |
| References | p. 513 |
| Prospects and properties for vertical-cavity blue light emitters | p. 517 |
| Background | p. 517 |
| Optical resonator design and fabrication: Demonstration of optically-pumped VCSEL operation in the 380-410-nm range | p. 518 |
| All-dielectric DBR resonator | p. 519 |
| Stress engineering of AlGaN/GaN DBRs | p. 521 |
| Electrical injection: Demonstration resonant-cavity LEDs | p. 524 |
| Summary | p. 530 |
| References | p. 530 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 533 |
| References | p. 536 |
| Index | p. 537 |
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